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Church Reform and The Crusades Chapter 14 section 1 page 341 Reform- what does this mean? • Reform- the improvement or amendment of what is wrong, corrupt, unsatisfactory • social reform; education reform; immigration reform Age of Faith • A new religious wave spread across Europe. • New religious orders were founded. • Monasteries were built. • The church expanded its power and authority. Monastery from medieval Europe (Italy) Ruins of a medieval monastery (Norway) Medieval Monastery (Germany) Major problems in the church • Many village priests married and had families. • Simony- the practice of selling church positions. • Kings were in control of church bishops. Reforms • Reforms began with the founding of the Benedictine Monastery in 910 at Cluny in France. • Monks strictly followed the Benedictine rule. • Cluny’s reputation for virtue inspired the founding of similar monasteries throughout western Europe. Benedictine monastery in Cluny, France Cistercian Monks • In 1098, Cistercian monks were founded. • The Cistercian life of hardship won many followers, helping to bring about further reforms. • Pope Leo IX enforced church laws against simony and the marriage of priests in 1049. • Pope Gregory VII became pope in 1073. He spent time at Cluny and was determined to ‘purify’ the church. Church reorganized Pope Papal Curia – Group advisors Court - The Curia also acted as a court and developed canon law on matters of marriage, divorce, and inheritance Tithing • The church collected 1/10 of families’ incomes. • It helped pay for services such as caring for the sick and the poor. • Most hospitals were operated by the church. Friars • Traveled from town to town preaching and spreading their religion to the locals. • They took vows of – Chastity – Poverty – Obedience • Friars owned nothing and lived by begging. Order of Dominicans • Founded by Spanish Priest, Dominic • Emphasized the importance of study. • Many Dominican friars were scholars. Order of Franciscans • Founded by Italian St. Francis de Assisi – Son of rich merchant – Gave up wealth and turned to preaching at age 20 – Placed less importance on scholarship. • Treated all creatures as his spiritual brothers and sisters. St. Francis de Assisi Orders for Women • Some women joined the Dominicans. • Franciscan order for women, known as the Poor Clares • Benedictine convent in Germany • Women were not allowed to travel as preachers. • They lived in poverty and worked to help the poor and sick. • St. Clare • “Poor Clares” named after her. Cathedrals – Cities of God • Evidence of the church’s wealth was seen in the cathedrals. • Between 800-1100, churches were built in Romanesque style. – Round arches – Heavy roof – Thick walls – Pillars – Tiny windows for light Romanesque Gothic • A new architectural style developed in the 1100s. • Named after Goth German tribe • Gothic cathedrals thrust upwards towards heaven. – – – – Huge glass stained windows Vaulted ceilings Decorated with all the richness people could offer. Height and light Paris Gothic Cathedral Notre Dame • Cathedral of Chartres France • Masterpiece of Gothic architecture • Two bell towers • Spires pointing towards heaven • Pointed, ribbed vaults to support ceiling • Windows of Chartres • Told the stories of the Bible • Illiterate peasants could learn the stories from the bible through the pictures. Cathedral of Beauvais, France • • Inside of Beauvais Cathedral Wars of Conquest • In 1093, The Byzantine Emperor, Alexius Comnenus asked for help against the Muslim Turks. • The Muslim Turks threatened to conquer the capital of Constantinople. • Pope Urban II called for a “holy war” or Crusade to gain control of the Holy Land. • Alexius Comnenus • Pope Urban II • Over the next 200 years, many crusades were launched. • The goal of these military expeditions was to recover Jerusalem, the Holy Land, from the Muslim Turks. • 50,000 – 60,000 knights became Crusaders. • Battle cry was “God Wills it!” • Few returned Economic and Religious goals • It was an economic opportunity for younger sons who would not inherit their father’s property • Religious zeal • According to Pope Urban II – if the knights died on the Crusade, they were guaranteed a place in heaven. • Later years, merchants profited by making cash loans to finance the Crusade. • Leased ships for hefty fees to transport armies over the Mediterranean Sea. • Hoped to win key trade routes to India, Southeast Asia, and China from Muslim Traders. The First Crusade • The Crusaders were not prepared for their holy war in the First Crusade. • They knew nothing of geography, climate, or culture of the Holy Land. • They to capture Jerusalem, but had no strategy • The nobles argued among themselves. • No adequate supply lines. • Finally the Crusaders attacked the city of Jerusalem for a month with 12,000 soldiers (about 1/4th of the original army) • On July 15, 1099, they captured the city. • Four feudal Crusaders states were carved out of this territory, each ruled by a European noble. Second Crusade • Edessa was re-conquered by the Turks. • In 1187, Jerusalem had fallen to the Muslim leader, Saladin. Saladin Third Crusade • Goal was to recapture Jerusalem • Led by three of Europe’s most powerful monarchs. – French King Phillip Augustus – German Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) – English King Richard the Lionhearted King Philip II King Richard I Emperor Frederick I The Legend of Robin Hood • During the third crusade, while Richard the Lionhearted was battling King Saladin, his brother, King John took over the throne of England. • King Richard used much of the royal treasury to fund the third crusade, which left little for England. • King John raised the taxes in England to rebuild the treasury. • The people were overtaxed. Some lost their land and were imprisoned. • Robin Hood was the local hero, who robbed from the rich to feed the poor. • It still debated today, whether or not Robin Hood was a real person. This statue of Robin hood is in Nottingham Back to the Third Crusade • Barbarossa drowned on the journey. • Philip Augustus argued with Richard and went home. • Richard was left to regain the Holy Land from Saladin. Truce • King Richard and Saladin agreed to a truce in 1192. – Jerusalem remained under Muslim control. – In return, Saladin promised that unarmed Christian pilgrims could freely visit the city’s holy places. Fourth Crusade • In 1198, Pope Innocent III appealed for another crusade to capture Jerusalem. The Church Splits • The fourth crusade became entangled with Byzantine politics. • Crusaders ended up looting the city of Constantinople in 1204. • This caused the church to split. – The Church in the East (whose capital was Constantinople) – The Church in the West (whose capital was Rome) Crusade Dwindles • In the 1200s, the Crusades become common and unsuccessful. • People only did it for personal gain. • Crusaders marched to North Africa. • The French King, Louis IX, won wide respect in Europe. • He was later declared a saint. • None of the attempts conquered much land. • http://www.youtube.com/user/historyteachers#p/u/9/weMhSSYoRi4 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TooOJGKlGc King Louis IX The Children’s Crusade • Took place in 1212 • Thousands of children set out for the Holy Land. • They were armed with only the belief that God would protect them and give them Jerusalem. • On their march, many died from cold and starvation. • One group even turned back. • The rest drowned at sea or were sold into slavery. Spanish Crusade • In Spain, Muslims called Moors and controlled most of the country until the 1100s. • The “Reconquista” was a long effort to drive the Muslims out of Spain. • The Muslims were driven out in 1492 by Christian armies. The Spanish Inquisition • King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella united their country under one religionChristianity • The Inquisition was a tribunal court to prosecute heretics. • Heretics were people whose religious beliefs differed from the teachings of the church. • http://www.youtube.com/user/historyteachers#p/u/5/89X v4mV1BIs King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella • The inquisitors suspected Jewish and Muslim converts of heresy. • A person suspected of heresy might be questioned for weeks and even tortured. • Once suspects confessed, they were often publicly burned at the stake. • In 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella expelled all practicing Jews and Muslims from Spain. • About 50,000 trials took place by the Spanish Inquisition, targeting everything from homosexuality to witchcraft to the freemasons. • About 3,000-5,000 were put to death. • Most of the time they were burned alive, but sometimes they were strangled first. • Most popular forms of torture – The rack – Being suspended by the arms behind back, with weights on the ankles – Forced to drink with a cloth stuffed in mouth to make it feel like drowning • Torture Rack from the Tower of London Effects of the Crusades • Lessened the power of the pope • Weakened feudal nobility (thousands of knights lost their lives and fortunes) • Increased trade between Europe and Southwest Asia. – Spices – Fruits – cloth Effects continued • • • • • Kings become stronger Religious intolerance grows Italian cities expand trade and grow rich Muslims increasingly distrust Christians Europeans gain technology from Muslims • Intolerance and prejudice displayed by Christian crusaders left bitterness and hatred among the Muslims, which continues to present day. The Knights Templar • Organization created by the Pope during the Crusades to protect pilgrims journeying to the Holy Land. • 9 Monks called the Poor Knights of Christ and the Temple of Solomon were sent to protect the travelers. • They lived inside the Temple of Solomon. • While maintaining their vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, the Knights quickly became the fiercest warriors of their time. • Later became known as Knights Templar Knights’ power grows • The Knights Templar grew in power, wealth, and in political power. • It is rumored that the Knights Templar discovered gold and treasure under the ruins of the Temple of Solomon that had been hidden for thousands of years. – Arc of the Covenant – Holy Grail The Temple of Solomon • Philip IV of France was deeply in debt and turned toward the Knights Templar for money. • The Knights Templar didn’t give him any. • Philip IV convinced the Pope, Clement V, to excommunicate the entire order of the Knights Templar. King Phillip IV of France was also known as “Philip the Fair” Clement V Templars Disbanded • On Friday, October 13th, 1307, Pope Clement V charged the Knights Templar with heresy and decreed that every Knight Templar in France be arrested. • All over Europe, the same fate awaited other Templars. • King Robert the Bruce of Scotland had already been excommunicated. • He allowed the Templars into this country. King Robert I Jacques de Molay • Knights Templar Grand Master, Jacques DeMolay, was burned at the stake for heresy • Pope Clement V died one month later in a fire. • The Knights Templar who were captured were burned at the stake for heresy. • Many believed the group disbanded, but others believe they continued to live underground. • Some say their treasure is spread throughout Scotland and Ireland. • Some say the treasure even came to Nova Scotia (New Scotland) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-51j_MAS0