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Church Reform and The
Crusades
Chapter 14 section 1
Reform- what does this mean?
• Reform- the improvement or amendment
of what is wrong, corrupt, unsatisfactory
• social reform; education reform;
immigration reform
Age of Faith
• A new religious wave spread across
Europe.
• New religious orders were founded.
• Monasteries were built.
• The church expanded its power and
authority.
Monastery from medieval Europe
(Italy)
Ruins of a medieval monastery
(Norway)
Medieval Monastery
(Germany)
Major problems in the church
• Many village priests married and had
families.
• Simony- the practice of selling church
positions.
• Kings were in control of church bishops.
Reforms
• Reforms began with the founding of the
Benedictine Monastery in 910 at Cluny in
France.
• Monks strictly followed the Benedictine
rule.
• Cluny’s reputation for virtue inspired the
founding of similar monasteries throughout
western Europe.
Benedictine
monastery in
Cluny,
France
Cistercian Monks
• In 1098, Cistercian monks were founded.
• The Cistercian life of hardship won many
followers, helping to bring about further
reforms.
• Pope Leo IX enforced
church laws against
simony and the
marriage of priests in
1049.
• Pope Gregory VII
became pope in
1073. He spent time
at Cluny and was
determined to ‘purify’
the church.
Church reorganized
Pope
Papal Curia – Group advisors
Court - The Curia also acted as a court
and developed canon law on matters
of marriage, divorce, and inheritance
Tithing
• The church collected 1/10 of families’
incomes.
• It helped pay for services such as caring
for the sick and the poor.
• Most hospitals were operated by the
church.
Friars
• Traveled from town to town preaching and
spreading their religion to the locals.
• They took vows of
– Chastity
– Poverty
– Obedience
• Friars owned nothing and lived by
begging.
Order of Dominicans
• Founded by Spanish
Priest, Dominic
• Emphasized the
importance of study.
• Many Dominican
friars were scholars.
Order of Franciscans
• Founded by Italian St. Francis de Assisi
– Son of rich merchant
– Gave up wealth and turned to preaching at
age 20
– Placed less importance on scholarship.
• Treated all creatures as his spiritual
brothers and sisters.
St. Francis de Assisi
Orders for Women
• Some women joined the Dominicans.
• Franciscan order for women, known as the
Poor Clares
• Benedictine convent in Germany
• Women were not allowed to travel as
preachers.
• They lived in poverty and worked to help
the poor and sick.
• St. Clare
• “Poor Clares” named
after her.
Cathedrals – Cities of God
• Evidence of the church’s wealth was seen
in the cathedrals.
• Between 800-1100, churches were built in
Romanesque style.
– Round arches
– Heavy roof
– Thick walls
– Pillars
– Tiny windows for light
Romanesque
Gothic
• A new architectural style developed in the 1100s.
• Named after Goth German tribe
• Gothic cathedrals thrust upwards towards
heaven.
–
–
–
–
Huge glass stained windows
Vaulted ceilings
Decorated with all the richness people could offer.
Height and light
Paris Gothic Cathedral
Notre Dame
• Cathedral of Chartres
France
• Masterpiece of Gothic
architecture
• Two bell towers
• Spires pointing
towards heaven
• Pointed, ribbed vaults
to support ceiling
• Windows of Chartres
• Told the stories of the
Bible
• Illiterate peasants
could learn the stories
from the bible through
the pictures.
Cathedral of Beauvais, France
•
•
Inside of Beauvais
Cathedral
Wars of Conquest
• In 1093, The Byzantine Emperor, Alexius
Comnenus asked for help against the
Muslim Turks.
• The Muslim Turks threatened to conquer
the capital of Constantinople.
• Pope Urban II called for a “holy war” or
Crusade to gain control of the Holy Land.
• Alexius Comnenus
• Pope Urban II
• Over the next 200 years, many crusades
were launched.
• The goal of these military expeditions was
to recover Jerusalem, the Holy Land, from
the Muslim Turks.
• 50,000 – 60,000 knights became
Crusaders.
• Battle cry was “God Wills it!”
• Few returned
Economic and Religious goals
• It was an economic opportunity for
younger sons who would not inherit their
father’s property
• Religious zeal
• According to Pope Urban II – if the knights
died on the Crusade, they were
guaranteed a place in heaven.
• Later years, merchants profited by making
cash loans to finance the Crusade.
• Leased ships for hefty fees to transport
armies over the Mediterranean Sea.
• Hoped to win key trade routes to India,
Southeast Asia, and China from Muslim
Traders.
The First Crusade
• The Crusaders were not prepared for
their holy war in the First Crusade.
• They knew nothing of geography,
climate, or culture of the Holy Land.
• They to capture Jerusalem, but had no
strategy
• The nobles argued among themselves.
• No adequate supply lines.
• Finally the Crusaders attacked the city of
Jerusalem for a month with 12,000
soldiers (about 1/4th of the original army)
• On July 15, 1099, they captured the city.
• Four feudal Crusaders states were carved
out of this territory, each ruled by a
European noble.
Second Crusade
• Edessa was re-conquered by the Turks.
• In 1187, Jerusalem had fallen to the
Muslim leader, Saladin.
Saladin
Third Crusade
• Goal was to recapture Jerusalem
• Led by three of Europe’s most powerful
monarchs.
– French King Phillip Augustus
– German Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa)
– English King Richard the Lionhearted
King Philip II
King Richard I
Emperor Frederick I
The Legend of Robin Hood
• During the third crusade, while Richard the
Lionhearted was battling King Saladin, his
brother, King John took over the throne of
England.
• King Richard used much of the royal
treasury to fund the third crusade, which
left little for England.
• King John raised the taxes in England to
rebuild the treasury.
• The people were overtaxed. Some lost
their land and were imprisoned.
• Robin Hood was the local hero, who
robbed from the rich to feed the poor.
• It still debated today, whether or not Robin
Hood was a real person.
This statue of
Robin hood is in
Nottingham
Back to the Third Crusade
• Barbarossa drowned on the journey.
• Philip Augustus argued with Richard and
went home.
• Richard was left to regain the Holy Land
from Saladin.
Truce
• King Richard and Saladin agreed to a
truce in 1192.
– Jerusalem remained under Muslim control.
– In return, Saladin promised that unarmed
Christian pilgrims could freely visit the city’s
holy places.
Fourth Crusade
• In 1198, Pope Innocent III appealed for
another crusade to capture Jerusalem.
The Church Splits
• The fourth crusade became entangled with
Byzantine politics.
• Crusaders ended up looting the city of
Constantinople in 1204.
• This caused the church to split.
– The Church in the East (whose capital was
Constantinople)
– The Church in the West (whose capital was
Rome)
Crusade Dwindles
• In the 1200s, the Crusades become common
and unsuccessful.
• People only did it for personal gain.
• Crusaders marched to North Africa.
• The French King, Louis IX, won wide respect in
Europe.
• He was later declared a saint.
• None of the attempts conquered much land.
• http://www.youtube.com/user/historyteachers#p/u/9/weMhSSYoRi4
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TooOJGKlGc
King Louis IX
The Children’s Crusade
• Took place in 1212
• Thousands of children set out for the Holy Land.
• They were armed with only the belief that God
would protect them and give them Jerusalem.
• On their march, many died from cold and
starvation.
• One group even turned back.
• The rest drowned at sea or were sold into
slavery.
Spanish Crusade
• In Spain, Muslims called Moors and
controlled most of the country until the
1100s.
• The “Reconquista” was a long effort to
drive the Muslims out of Spain.
• The Muslims were driven out in 1492 by
Christian armies.
The Spanish Inquisition
• King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella united
their country under one religionChristianity
• The Inquisition was a tribunal court to
prosecute heretics.
• Heretics were people whose religious
beliefs differed from the teachings of the
church.
• http://www.youtube.com/user/historyteachers#p/u/5/89Xv
4mV1BIs
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
• The inquisitors suspected Jewish and
Muslim converts of heresy.
• A person suspected of heresy might be
questioned for weeks and even tortured.
• Once suspects confessed, they were often
publicly burned at the stake.
• In 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella expelled
all practicing Jews and Muslims from
Spain.
• About 50,000 trials took place by the
Spanish Inquisition, targeting everything
from homosexuality to witchcraft to the
freemasons.
• About 3,000-5,000 were put to death.
• Most of the time they were burned alive,
but sometimes they were strangled first.
• Most popular forms of torture
– The rack
– Being suspended by the arms behind back,
with weights on the ankles
– Forced to drink with a cloth stuffed in mouth to
make it feel like drowning
• Torture Rack from the
Tower of London
Effects of the Crusades
• Lessened the power of the pope
• Weakened feudal nobility (thousands of
knights lost their lives and fortunes)
• Increased trade between Europe and
Southwest Asia.
– Spices
– Fruits
– cloth
Effects continued
•
•
•
•
•
Kings become stronger
Religious intolerance grows
Italian cities expand trade and grow rich
Muslims increasingly distrust Christians
Europeans gain technology from Muslims
• Intolerance and prejudice displayed by
Christian crusaders left bitterness and
hatred among the Muslims, which
continues to present day.
The Knights Templar
• Organization created by the Pope during
the Crusades to protect pilgrims
journeying to the Holy Land.
• 9 Monks called the Poor Knights of Christ
and the Temple of Solomon were sent to
protect the travelers.
• They lived inside the Temple of Solomon.
• While maintaining their vows of poverty,
chastity, and obedience, the Knights
quickly became the fiercest warriors of
their time.
• Later became known as Knights Templar
Knights’ power grows
• The Knights Templar grew in power, wealth, and
in political power.
• It is rumored that the Knights Templar
discovered gold and treasure under the ruins of
the Temple of Solomon that had been hidden for
thousands of years.
– Arc of the Covenant
– Holy Grail
The Temple of Solomon
• Philip IV of France was deeply in debt and
turned toward the Knights Templar for
money.
• The Knights Templar didn’t give him any.
• Philip IV convinced the Pope, Clement V,
to excommunicate the entire order of the
Knights Templar.
King Phillip IV of France was also
known as “Philip the Fair”
Clement V
Templars Disbanded
• On Friday, October 13th, 1307, Pope
Clement V charged the Knights Templar
with heresy and decreed that every Knight
Templar in France be arrested.
• All over Europe, the same fate awaited
other Templars.
• King Robert the Bruce of Scotland had
already been excommunicated.
• He allowed the Templars into this country.
King Robert I
Jacques de Molay
• Knights Templar Grand
Master, Jacques
DeMolay, was burned at
the stake for heresy
• Pope Clement V died one
month later in a fire.
• The Knights Templar who
were captured were
burned at the stake for
heresy.
• Many believed the group disbanded, but
others believe they continued to live
underground.
• Some say their treasure is spread
throughout Scotland and Ireland.
• Some say the treasure even came to Nova
Scotia (New Scotland)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-51j_MAS0
Assignment:
• Summarize:
the differences in Romanesque and
Gothic style architecture
• Illustrate examples of both