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CELL THEORY GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS of all CELLS CELL • BASIC UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN ORGANISMS • SMALLEST UNIT THAT CAN CARRY ON ALL LIFE PROCESSES • TWO TYPES: PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC CELL HISTORY ROBERT HOOKE: 1665 Examined cork tissue saw small open spaces that resembled small rooms, called them “CELLS” ANTON VON LEEUWENHOEK • 1670 FIRST MICROSCOPE Observed first living cells in water he called “wee beasties”. They later became the Protists. SCHLEIDEN SCHWANN 1838: Botanist 1834: Zoologist Hypothesized all Hypothesized all plant tissue animal tissue made of cells made of cells RUDOLF VIRCHOW, 1855 "omnis cellula e cellula” DOCTOR STUDIED BACTERIA CELLS DIVIDING AND HYPOTHESIZED THAT ALL “CELLS COME FROM OTHER CELLS” BECAME KNOWN AS BIOGENESIS, REPLACED THE WIDELY HELD IDEA OF SPONTANEOUS GENERATION, NOTION THAT NON-LIVING THINGS COULD GIVE RISE TO LIVING ORGANISMS CELL THEORY General Tenants • ALL LIVING ORGANISMS ARE COMPOSED OF 1 OR MORE CELLS • CELLS ARE BASIC UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN LIVING SYSTEMS • ALL CELLS COME FROM PREEXISTING CELLS Modern Tenants of Cell Theory • All cells contain hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during cell division. • All cells are basically the same chemical composition.(PROTEINS, LIPIDS, CARBOHYDRATES, NUCLEIC ACIDS) • All energy flow(metabolism/biochemistry) of life occurs within the cell. CELL DIVERSITY ORGANIZATION UNICELLULAR ONE CELL OR COLONIAL PROTISTS BACTERIA YEAST MULTICELLULAR MANY CELLS TISSUES ORGANS SYSTEMS MOST FUNGI ALL ANIMALS AND PLANTS CELL TYPE PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC ELEMENTS NO NUCLEUS NUCLEUS NO MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES BINARY FISSION MITOSIS BACTERIA ONLY ALL OTHER ORGANISMS ENERGY AUTOTROPHIC HETEROTROPHIC CAN CONVERT ENERGY FROM SUN OR CHEMICALS INTO A FORM OTHER ORGANISMS CAN USE MUST OBTAIN ENERGY FROM AUTOTROPHS OR OTHER HETEROTROPHS PRODUCERS SAPROPHYTES PHOTOSYNTHETIC ABSORB NUTRIENT FROM DECAYING ORGANIC MATTER PLANTS PROTISTS BACTERIA FUNGI CHEMOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA CONSUMERS HERBIVORES OMNIVORES CARNIVORES CELL STRUCTURE FORM FITS FUNCTION The shape of a cell is directly related to the job that it performs. BONE OSTEON STRENGTH, SUPPORT, INFLEXIBLE, CELLS ARE LAYERED LIKE RINGS ON TREE. LONG CYLINDARS FOR SUPPORT MUSCLE SKELETAL FLEXIBLE, ELASTIC, ALLOW MOVEMENT CELLS CLUSTERED INTO CORD-LIKE BUNDLES NERVE NEURONS CELLS ARE LONGEST IN BODY, HAVE STRUCTURES TO RECEIVE AND TRANSMIT INFORMATION SKIN EPITHELIAL CELLS BARRIER, PROTECTION CELLS ARE SPHERICAL TIGHTLY PACKED INTO TISSUE LAYERS CELL SIZE SMALLEST CELLS BACTERIA LARGEST CELLS OSTRICH EGGS THE SIZE OF A CELL IS RELATED TO ITS ABILITY TO MOVE MATERIALS EFFICIENTLY • SMALLER THE CELL THE FASTER MATERIALS CAN ENTER AND LEAVE • AS CELLS GROW VOLUME INCREASES FASTER THAN SURFACE AREA • LARGE CELLS CANNOT MOVE MATERIALS EFFECTIVELY • MOST EFFICIENT CELLS ARE MICROSCOPIC http://www.johnkyrk.com/diffusion.html