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Most numerous organisms on Earth Slide 1 of 40 “ Most Wanted and Least Wanted Posters Slide 2 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall BACTERIA: •Most numerous organisms on Earth •1st forms of life on Earth •All are prokaryotic •General Traits of all prokaryotes: •Lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. •Unicellular (separate or in a colony) •Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic •Are microscopic •300 side by side = printed period Slide 3 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bacteri is found EVERYWHERE… Air On and in our body fFood Soil On all objects Slide 4 of 40 Deep Ocean 430,000 year old bacteria found in a fresh water lake in Antarctica Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 5 of 40 Some bacteria are: 1. Aerobic -requires oxygen 2. Anaerobic -lives in the absence of oxygen Example: -Clostridium botulinum -Causes botulism / food poison -found improperly canned foods, meat and Slide shell fish 6 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cell wall: -made up of Peptidoglygcan (protein/carb combo) Cell wall -protects and gives shape to cell. -antibiotics inhibit bacteria from forming cell walls so future bacteria can be destroyed by your immune system Slide 7 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cell membrane: Cell membrane -regulates what goes into and out of the cell -contains enzymes that aid in all cellular reactions Cell Wall Slide 8 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cell membrane Capsule Cell Wall Outer covering that is sticky. Allows bacteria to adhere to surfaces and prevents WBC’s from engulfing them. Slide 9 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cell membrane Cytoplasm Cell Wall Capsule Cytoplasm: -liquid solution which suspends DNA and ribosomes Slide 10 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cell membrane Cytoplasm Cell Wall Ribosomes: Capsule -uses DNA’s instructions to make all proteins Ribosomes Slide 11 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cell membrane Cytoplasm Cell Wall DNA: -genetic material -1 loop of DNA Capsule -known as the nucleoid DNA Ribosomes Slide 12 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Plasmid Cell membrane Cytoplasm Cell Wall DNA Plasmid: -found in some bacteria -small loops of Capsule DNA -code for extra but not essential traits. Ribosomes Ex/ antibiotic resistence Slide 13 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Sex pili: Plasmid Cell membrane Cytoplasm Cell Wall DNA -short proteins which bacteria Capsule use to pick up plasmids from environment or from another bacteria cell Ribosomes Sex pili Slide 14 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Plasmid Cell membrane Cytoplasm Capsule Cell Wall Flagella: -1 or more long whip like tails used for movement. DNA Ribosomes Sex pili Flagella Slide 15 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Movement Slide 16 of 40 Classifying Prokaryotes E. coli, a Typical Eubacterium Ribosomes Capsule Cell Membrane Cell wall Flagellum Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall DNA Pili Slide 17 of 40 Endospores Form when a bacterium produces a thick internal wall that encloses its DNA and some of its cytoplasm during unfavorable growth conditions. Spores can remain dormant for months or years. Spores allow bacteria to survive harsh conditions. (extreme heat, lack of moisture, etc…) Slide 18 of 40 Ideal Reproductive/Growth Conditions -moisture -warmth Food and moisture Warm and darkness -food source Ideal warm, dark and moist The human -darkness environment with plenty of food? body Slide 19 of 40 Bacteria can be: 1. Heterotrophic -uses other organisms as a food source. Slide 20 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2. Saprophytic: -live off dead matter -bacteria is the #1 decomposer 3. Autotrophic: -makes their own food through photosynthesis. Slide 21 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Reproduction Takes about 20 min. in bacteria. Binary Fission Bacteria copies its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells. Form of asexual reproduction Binary fission Slide 22 of 40 Conjugation During conjugation, a hollow bridge made up of the sex pili forms between two bacterial cells, and genes move from one cell to the other. Slide 23 of 40 Slide 24 of 40 Transformation: When bacteria use their sex pili to pick up DNA from their environment. Slide 25 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The GOOD…….. Oil eating bacteria To make food To make medicines Sewage treatment #1 decomposer Slide 26 of 40 The BAD……….. Makes us sick/causes illnesses STD’s: Gonorrhea, Syphilis Chlamydia, Botulism, Lymes Disease, Pinkeye, Tuberculosis, Pneumonia Slide 27 of 40 Can they be stopped? Dehydration Refrigeration Freezing Heat: canning, cooking, sterilization Antibiotics Antiseptics Slide 28 of 40 You go to the doctors with a sore throat……………..now what happens???? Slide 29 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The doctor has to classify the bacteria to know how to treat it. 1. The doctor cultures/grows the bacteria. Slide 30 of 40 Identifying Prokaryotes 2. The doctor determines the shape of the bacteria. Rod-shaped prokaryotes are called bacilli. Bacilli Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 31 of 40 Identifying Prokaryotes Spherical prokaryotes are called cocci. Cocci Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 32 of 40 Identifying Prokaryotes Spiral and corkscrew-shaped prokaryotes are called spirilla. Spirilla Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 33 of 40 Strept mean grows in a long chain. 3. The doctor determines the colony formation: Staph means grows in a cluster Slide 34 of 40 Can you identify these bacteria? Steptococcus Staphococcus Slide 35 of 40 4. The doctor stains the bacteria. Two different types of cell walls are found in Eubacteria. A method called gram staining tells them apart. Slide 36 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Gram-positive bacteria have thick cell walls with large amounts of peptidoglycan. -stains purple -produces exotoxins -released during life of bacteria Gram-negative bacteria have thinner cell walls inside an outer lipid layer. -stains pink -produces endotoxins -released after bacteria dies Each type treated with different antibiotics Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 37 of 40 Slide 38 of 40 Slide 39 of 40 Slide 40 of 40