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GEETA MUDHAR
Mental
Illnesses
C HAPTER 1
Process
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Draft proposal
Make proposal
Gather information
Collect information
Collect sources
Add to iBook
Present
C HAPTER 2
Anxiety
Disorder
Anxiety is a normal human emotion that
people feel everyday. But, an anxiety disorder is a mental illness. People suffering
from anxiety disorder are in a constant
state of fear and worry.
S ECTION 1
Phobias
What are phobias?
The biggest category of anxiety disorders are phobias. A
phobia is a fear or anxiety is prompted by a situation. People
who suffer from phobias realize that their reaction to the phobia is over proportionate, but that does not eliminate the extreme fear.
There is a difference between fear and phobia. Fear is a
normal emotion that happens when there is a real threat. For
example: If you were getting kidnapped, you would be afraid.
A phobia is a fear of something non-threatening that is blown
out of proportion.
Phobias are usually classified into three categories:
1.
Social Phobia: fright of people or social situations
2.
Specific Phobia: fear that is stimulated from a specific object
3.
Agoraphobia: fear of leaving your home or “safe place”, a
symptom might be panic attacks
How do you treat phobias?
Hypnotherapy
In a hypnotic states, awareness is heightened. Hypnotherapists uses this heightened awareness to help the person afflicted deal with their phobia and find out why their phobia
stems from.
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Systematic Desensitization
This method is used to treat specific phobias. The first step in
this system is to give the patient relaxation techniques customized to the patient to be used throughout the treatment. The
second step is to create a list of the least upsetting experience
with the phobia to the most upsetting experience with the phobia. For example, for someone with astraphobia, the least upsetting experience might be looking at pictures of lightning or
reading about it, and the most upsetting experience might be
actually being in a thunderstorm. The last step of this therapy
is to bring forth the patient to least fearful form of the phobia
and slowly work their way up from there to the most fearful
form of the phobia.
Flooding
In this form of phobia treatment, the patient is exposed to
high levels of the phobias. Gradually, the fear will lessen.
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Fear of garlic
(Alliumphobia)
Fear of opening eyes
(Optophobia)
Fear of the #13
(Triskaidekaphobia)
Common Phobias
PHOBIA
DESCRIPTION
Arachnophobia
Fear of spiders
Ophidiophobia
Fear of snakes
Acrophobia
Fear of heights
Agoraphobia
Fear of situations where it is
troublesome to escape
Cynophobia
Fear of dogs
Astraphobia
Fear of lightning and thunder
Trypanophobia
Fear of injections
Social Phobias
Fear of social situations
Pteromerhanophobia
Fear of flying
Mysophobia
Fear of germs/dirt
Famous People’s Phobias
Megan Fox - Dry Paper
(Papyrophobia)
Johnny Depp - Clowns
(Coulrophobia)
Nicole Kidman - Butterflies
(Lepidopterophobia)
Madonna - Thunderstorms
(Astraphobia)
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S ECTION 2
Panic Disorder
What is panic disorder?
Panic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder that is distinguished by intense panic attacks that affects 3.5% of the population
Symptoms of a Panic Attack:
• Rapid heartbeat
• Dizziness
Panic disorder usually develops in people before they
• Perspiration
turn 24 but it affects adults mostly, usually those who have
• Trembling
gone
through traumatic experiences. Women are twice as
likely
to get this disorder than men.
• Dyspnea
How
do youfear
treat panic disorder?
• Extreme
Psychotherapy and antidepressants can treat panic disorFeeling of being choked
der• but there is no known cure. Treatment includes therapy,
life• style
changes and medications. Medication should only be
Paralysis
an option if other ways of dealing with it are unsuccessful. For
• Chest
those
who pain
smoke and suffer anxiety, quitting smoking can be
more successful at reducing anxiety than medications. Usually
• Nausea
combining medication and psychotherapy produces good results.
• Tingling/Numbness
Click the pictures for more info!
• Hot flashes/Chills
• Fainting
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S ECTION 3
Obsessive Compulsive
Disorder
What is OCD?
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder where unmanageable, unwanted thoughts prompt fear
and uneasiness causing the individual to feel like the have to
perform repetitive, ritualized acts. For example, if you turn off
the stove before leaving the house, you might want to go back
to check it just to make sure its off, but then you would leave.
People with OCD go back to check the stove over and over
again until they are satisfied that the stove is indeed off.
Symptoms:
• Immoderate washing or cleaning
• Repetitive checking
• Drastic hoarding
• Uneasiness towards certain numbers
• Nervous rituals Ex: Turning the lights on and off multiple times before leaving the room.
OCD affects 1-3% of children and adults. It takes place
equally in men and women. OCD symptoms exist before the
age of 18 in 80% of cases.
Researchers believe that biological and psychological factors both have a part in the development of this disorder. Imaging studies of the brain show us that people with OCD have
different brain patterns that people without this disorder.
There is also evidence that OCD is genetic. At the moment
there is no cure but treatment has shown promising results.
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How do you treat OCD?
A therapy named “exposure and response prevention” is
an effective way to treat OCD. This therapy works by exposing
the patient to the obsession and denying themselves the ritual
compulsive act. For example, if the patient’s obsession is hand
washing, they might be asked to touch a doorknob and to sit
without washing their hands. They would not be allowed to
preform their ritual and would sit with their intrusive
thoughts. After a while they would realize that no harm came
to them by not washing their hands.
Cognitive therapy is when the patient is shown healthy
was to respond to the obsession.
Do I have OCD?
If you feel the need to wash your hands every time you
leave the bathroom, thats normal. But, if you feel like you
need to wash you hands twenty times after you leave the bathroom, and then after that you still feel as if you have germs on
your hands, you might need to talk to your family or tell someone close to you to determine if you need help.
There are plenty of people who enjoy having an organized schedule, or categorizing the clothes in their closet, but
that doesn’t make them OCD.
Famous OCD People
David Beckham
Justin Timberlake
Donald Trump
Jennifer Love Hewitt
Leonardo DiCaprio
Harrison Ford
Cameron Diaz
Jessica Alba
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C HAPTER 3
Dissociative Identity
Disorder
Dissociative identity disorder (multiple
identity disorder or DID) could be a result of violent childhood trauma, such as
repetitive physical, emotional or sexual
abuse.
What is dissociative identity disorder?
Dissociative identity disorder is extremely rare. Is an extreme affliction in which two or more separate, unconnected
identities alternately take possession over the person. The person goes through extreme memory loss that is too substantial
to be accounted for by regular forgetfulness. In other words,
its like another person taking over you, but you have no knowledge of it.
DID is an outcome of violent and repetitive child abuse.
Since these memories are too traumatic to remember, the person dissociates themselves with the memories. This is a coping mechanism.
The multiple personalities of people with DID have there
own age, sex and race. They all have their own ways of walking, talking and actions. They have their own gestures and postures.
How do you treat dissociative identity disorder?
Currently, there is not cure for DID, but treatments can
be effective depending on how committed the patient is. Treatment includes psychotherapy/talk therapy, hypnotherapy,
medications, etc.
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C HAPTER 4
Eating
Disorders
An eating disorder is distinguished by aberrant eating habits, such as binge-eating
or extreme dieting.
S ECTION 1
Anorexia Nervosa
What is anorexia?
Anorexia nervosa is a dangerous eating disorder. People
suffering from anorexia extremely limit their food consumption, are obsessed with having a thin figure, irrationally fear
weight gain and have a distorted body image.
Symptoms:
• Halted menses, brittle hair, yellow skin (Amenorrhea)
• Irrational fear of weight gain
noticeable,
substantial
loss at
least gain,
15% unAnorexia
has been
shown toweight
slow down
height
de• Swift,
lay puberty, reduce peak bone mass, cause hepatic steatosis,
heart disease and death.
• Purging
Anorexia is the disorder with the highest mortality rate.
Excessive exercise
•
20% of people with anorexia develop it chronically. 5-20% of
people
with
anorexia
feeling
cold die from related causes.
• Often
• Hypotension
Famous Anorexic People:
• Bradycardia
Victoria Beckham
Mary-Kate Olsen
Swollen joints
•Demi
Lovato
Imogen Bailey
Abdominal
•Lucy
Hale distention
Katherine Jenkins
Fatigue
•Nicole
“Snookie” Polizzi
Allegra Versace
• Frequent mood swings
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S ECTION 2
Bulimia Nervosa
What is bulimia?
Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder is distinguished by
binge eating and purging. A bulimic person would eat a large
amount of food in a small amount of time, then vomiting, taking
a laxative or excessive exercise. You might also fast for a while.
Bulimia nervosa literally means disease of hunger affecting
the nervous system. Gerald Russell, a British psychiatrist, in
1979, first named and described bulimia nervosa.
Symptoms:
Signs:
• After eating, chronic gastric reflux
• Obsessed with calorie consumption
• Hypokalemia and dehydra• Intensely cautious about
tion from constant vomitweight
There are two types of bulimia: The purging type and the
Low blood pressure
non-purging type. People who purge,• self-induce
vomiting. They
Electrolyte
imbalance
do• it
quickly before
food can be digested. People who don’t purge,
• Low self esteem
fast or exercise after they binge eat. They do this to countervail
• Inflamed esophagus
the amount of calorie intake.
• Depression
• Break in esophageal wall
Famous Bulimic People:
Russell Brand
• Gastroparesis
Lindsay Lohan
• Mallory-Weiss tears
Paula Abdul
Constipation
• Kelly
Clarkson
Lady Gaga
Joan Rivers
Britney Spears
Elton John
• Enlarged glands under jaw
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S ECTION 3
Treatment
How do you treat eating disorders?
The earlier anorexia/bulimia is treated, the more affective the
treatment. When treating anorexia/bulimia, these three main
points are tried to be achieved:
• Restoration of healthy body weight
• Treating psychological disorders connected to anorexia
• Reduction or elimination of thoughts and/or behaviors originally leading to anorexia
When treating anorexia, at first, the patient is given meals low
in calories to build confidence to eat. Medication could also be
given. Olanzapine is claimed to be affective in treating certain
areas of anorexia.
Family based treatment is extremely more successful than individual treatment. Elements of family based treatment are:
• Family is seen as a resource
• Reframing the eating disorder in non-blaming terms
• Parents take charge of adolescent’s eating habits
• Start a structured behavioral program for weight gain
• Eating is gradual controlled by adolescent after weight is
gained
The risk of relapse is high during the first year of normal body
weight.
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C HAPTER 5
Schizophrenia
All the pictures in this chapter is art done
by schizophrenic people. This shows us
just how scattered their thoughts are.
What is schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia is a disorder that is distinguished by bad
emotional responses and a breakdown in thinking. Schizophrenia starts around the ages of late adolescence to early adulthood. People with a family history of this disorder have a 2040% chance of developing schizophrenia.
psychosis. Living in an urban environment has shown to increase the chance of schizophrenia.
Click the picture for more info!
Symptoms:
• Delusions (paranoia, hearing things that aren’t there)
• Unorganized thinking
of motivation
What
are some
factors that are link to schizophre• Absence
nia?
• Absence of emotion
Living environment, drug use and prenatal stressors are
Hallucinations
•
environment factors linked to schizophrenia. Parenting has
seemed
to have no
considerable effect on this disorder, but
speech
• Unorganized
people who do have this disorder and supportive parents do
• Social
better
thanwithdrawal
those with critical parents. Childhoods trauma,
bullying or disconnection from family increases the chance of
• Lack of hygiene
• Lack of judgement
Famous Schizophrenic People:
Emily Carr
Lionel Aldridge
Charles “Buddy” Bolden
Peter Greene
Charles Faust
Syd Barrett
John Forbes Nash
Veronica Lake
How do you treat/manage schizophrenia?
Even if symptoms of schizophrenia have receded, treatment is life long. Medications and psychosocial therapy is
used as treat these patients. During periods where symptoms
are extreme, hospitalization may be necessary. After psychosis
has lessened, psychosocial interventions are major. These interventions include: individual therapy, family therapy, social
skills training and vocational rehabilitation.
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C HAPTER 6
Bipolar
Disorder
Bipolar disorder is an often misdiagnosed illness distinguished by alternating
moods of mania and depression.
What is Bipolar Disorder?
Bipolar disorder is distinguished by periods of elevated
state of mind called mania alternating with periods of depression. Worldwide, about 3% of people have this disorder. 1 out
of 2 bipolar people try to commit suicide at least once in their
life. Many are successful.
About Mania
This is a distinguishable period of irritable or elevated
mood that could be in the form of euphoria. During this period, three or more of
the ensuing behaviors would be manifested: speaking in fast, uninterruptible speech, easily distracted, hurried
thoughts, increase of goal-oriented activities, agitation, impulsive behavior,
hypersexuality or excessive money spending. This period lasts at least one week.
During a period of mania, people would feel as if they
need less sleep. They would have impaired judgement and
speak excessively. Due to a combination of thrill-seeking and
a lack of judgement, these individuals usually have substance
abuse issues.
At drastic levels of mania, it is possible to undergo psychosis or a break with reality. This is a state where both thinking and mood are affected. These individuals might feel unstoppable or not in control. About half of people living with bi-
polar disorder undergo hallucinations or delusions. Mania
symptoms can be measured by the Young
Mania Rating Scale and other rating
scales.
About Depression
Depression in bipolar disorder includes repetitive feelings of anxiety, sadness, anger, guilt, hopelessness, isolation,
sleep and appetite disturbances, fatigue, loss of interest in favorite activities, concentrating problems, self-loathing, apathy, shyness, depersonalization, lack of motivation, irritability, pain or suicidal thoughts. During drastic levels of depressions, these people might become psychotic. This period last
at least two weeks.
When a person becomes bipolar, the depressive stages
usually happen first, so many people who are actually bipolar,
are diagnosed as depressed.
How do you treat bipolar disorder?
This disorder needs life long treatment. There are a variety of medications that can be taken, so if one doesn’t work,
another one can be tried. Sadly, some of those medications
lead to birth defects during pregnancy. Along with medication, psychotherapy is an important part in dealing with bipolar disorder. Some types of this therapy include: cognitive behavioral therapy, group therapy, family therapy, psychoeducation, etc.
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Citations
S ECTION 1
Pg.10:
Pictures
http://37.media.tumblr.com/d57fe1541f10c2765fd899e3864a016b/tumblr_miqr8
aif4Z1qkcrl4o1_500.jpg
Cover: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Crystal_mind.jpg
Pg.11: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Bulimia.jpg
Pg.1:
Pg.12: http://ryot.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/neda.png
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_sn88pkFyiUg/TN8dXEVZUzI/AAAAAAAABs8/75f6B
narLj8/s1600/Stressed%2Bclipart.jpg
Pg.13:
Pg.2: http://www.clipartbest.com/cliparts/pc5/AjX/pc5AjXKcB.gif
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Cloth_embroidered_by_
a_schizophrenia_sufferer_edit.jpg
Pg.3: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Garlic_Bulbs.jpg
Pg.14:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Human_eye_with_blood
_vessels.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/The_Beat_Museum_Pai
nted_by_Alan_Streets.jpg
Pg.4: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/45/Panic_attack.jpg
Pg.15:
http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4099/4741451457_6344b99835.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/P_culture.svg/40
0px-P_culture.svg.png
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Cigarette_smoking.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/A_small_cup_of_coffee.
JPG
Pg.16: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Haveaniceday.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Blue_Sad.jpg
Pg.5: http://www.wordificator.com/
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/OCD_handwash.jpg
Pg.7:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Dissociative_identity_dis
order.jpg
Pg.8: http://37.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m4o66nQcqU1r47bczo1_500.jpg
Pg.9: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Feet_on_scale.jpg
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S ECTION 2
Anorexia Nervosa:
Information
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa
Phobias:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobia
http://phobialist.com/
http://www.wisegeek.org/how-does-systematic-desensitizatio
n-work.htm
http://phobias.about.com/od/glossary/g/floodingdef.htm
http://phobias.about.com/od/therapy/a/hypnotherapy.htm
Panic Disorder:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_disorder
Bulimia Nervosa:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa
Schizophrenia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/schizophreni
a/basics/treatment/con-20021077
Bipolar Disorder:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bipolar-disor
der/basics/treatment/con-20027544
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocd
http://www.helpguide.org/mental/obsessive_compulsive_dis
order_ocd.htm
Dissociative Identity Disorder:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_personality_disorder
http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/dissociative-identitydisorder-multiple-personality-disorder?page=4
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C HAPTER 7
Reflection
I learned a lot over the course of developing my iBook. The reason I chose this
topic was to learn more about a field of
study that I am interested in: psychology. Next year, I probably won’t make my
IDS project on mental illnesses, but instead on another aspect of psychology.
Even though I won’t be continuing this
particular topic next year, I still learned a
lot and learned more than I thought I
would.