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Potential Climate Change impacts on Sugar Maple Trees in NEW England By: Katie McGoff Outline Background sugar maple trees preferred habitat why important Climate change air temperature snow cover Changes in proportion of precipitation Snow removal and temperature effects on soil Seasonal patterns of carbohydrates Summary why this matters Acer saccharum, Sugar maple hardwood dense round crowns heights of 20-35m diameters of 50-90cm “u-shaped” notched leaves Luzadis et al. (1996). Importance commercial hardwood fuelwood home for wildlife produce sweet sap beautiful autumn colors Native range (Goodman, 1978). • global temperature are increasing (IPCC 2007). • surface air temperature increase (Houghton et al. 2001). • future of maple industry. • lack of snow to protect roots. • timing of spring. • decline in syrup related to climate variability (Shea et al. 2001). (IPCC 2007) Important forest driver = warming. IPCC (2007) Negative Impact of climate change on starch storage Interactive effects biotic stressors (Gregory et al 1986). insects, root disease, and management injury. abiotic stressors (Long et al. 1997). soil moisture, anthropogenic stressors (McLaughlin et al. 1996). Traditional indicators for syrup runs Hydrologic variables consistent with warming spring lake ice-out (Hodgkins et al. 2002). river ice-out (Dudley and Hodgkins 2002). snowmelt-driven spring runoff (Hodgkins 2002). Changes in the Proportion of Precipitation occurring as snow in New England (1949-200). Huntington et. al. 2004. Journal of Climate 17: 2626-2636. Introduction (S/P) is a hydrologic indicator. Sensitive to climate variability. Detect & monitor climate change. MEthods 21 sites temperature & precipitation obtained results Results Average decrease in annual ratio of snow/ total preci Label open and closed Why do we care? Magnitude timing of spring. run-off recession to summer. earlier arrives. Snow Removal and Ambient Air Temperature Effects on Forest Soil Temperatures in Northern Vermont. Decker et. al. 2003. Soil science Society of America 67:1234-1243. Methods measured soil temperatures for four winters. three soil depths. control (unmanipulated). snow-free (snow removed). Results snow-free soils colder at 5cm 15cm all years. snow cover help insulate soil. snow cover insulates and protects. increased soil freezing = more root mortality nutrient loss. potentially alter ecosystem dynamics. Phenological Changes Bud burst Bud out Autumn colors forestwatch.sr.unh.edu Leaf drop (CITE!) phenology is Consistent with earlier spring Timing of Lilac blooming (Schwarts Reiter 2000) Bird migration (Dunn Winkler 1999). Fish migration (Huntington et al. 2003). So what about trees? Seasonal patterns of reserve and soluble carbohydrates in mature sugar maple (Acer saccharum) WOND, B. L., BAGGETT, K.L.,RYE, A.H. 2003. JOURNAL OF BOTANY 81: 780-788. Seasonal patterns production accumulation utilization Methods trees selected randomly. collections of leaves, twigs and branches. concentrations of starch were determined Starch = major reserve carbohydrate •Starch is low during active photosynthetic growth •Accumulates in late summer & early fall •correlation between starch hydrolysis - accumulation and temperature •How patterns could shift Why do we care? Seasonal carbohydrates profiles show seasonal patterns. linked to phenology & physiology. use assess disturbance of tree physiology. Shifts in cold season profiles of carbohydrates. timing of tapping why do we care? Decreased Snowfall Increased soil frost Increased root mortality Shifting seasonal patterns Authors photo What becomes of the Future? How might syrup producers adapt to maintain production if seasonal patterns continue to warming? Authors photo References An Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change, Climate Change 2007: A Synthesis Report. February 2007, pp. 1-52. Auclair, A.N.D., Heilman, W.E., and Brinkman, B. Predicting forest dieback in Maine, USA: a simple model based on soil frost and drought. 2010. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 40: 687-702 Beckage, B., Osborne, B., Gavin, D.G., Pucko, C., Siccama, T., and Perkins, T. A rapid upward shift of a forest ecotone during 40 years of warming in the Green Mountains of Vermont. 2008. Ecology. 105(11): 4197-4202. Decker, K.L.M, Wang, D., Waite, C., and Scherbatskoy, T. Snow Removal and Ambient Air Temperature Effects on Forest Soil Temperatures in Northern Vermont. 2003. Soil Science Society of America. 67: 1234-1243. Dunn, P. O., and D. W. Winkler, 1999: Climate change has affected breeding date of tree swallows throughout North America. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, B266, 2487–2490. Ford, C.R., Laseter, S.H., Swank, W.T., and Vose, J.M. Can forest management be used to sustain water-based ecosystem services in the face of climate change? 2011. Ecological Applications. 21(6). 2049-2067. Gavin, D.G., B. Beckage, and B. Osborne. 2008. Forest Dynamics and the Growth Decline of Red Spruce and Sugar Maple on Bolton Mountain, Vermont: A Comparison of Modeling Methods. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38:2635–2649. Godman, Richard M., and Joseph J. Mendel. 1978. Economic values for growth and grade changes of sugar maple in the Lake States. USDA Forest Service, Research Paper NC-155. North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN. 16 p. Horsley, S.B., Long, R.P., Bailey, S.W., Hallet, R.A., and Wargo, P.M. 2002. Health of Eastern North America Sugar Maple Forest and Factors Affecting Decline. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 19(1):34–44.1 Hodgkins, G. A., I. C. James, and T. G. Huntington, 2002: Historical changes in lake ice-out dates as indicators of climate change in New England. Int. J. Climatol., 22, 1819–1827. ——, R. W. Dudley, and T. G. Huntington, 2003: Changes in the timing of high river flows in New England over the 20th century. J. Hydrol., 278, 244–252. Houghton, J. T., Y. Ding, D. C. Griggs, M. Noguer, P. J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K. Maskell, and C. A. Johnson, Eds., 2001: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Cambridge Univer- sity Press, 944 pp. Huntington, T.G., Hodgkins, G.A., Keim, B.D., and Dudley, R.W. 2004. Changes in the Proportion of Precipitation Occurring as Snow in New England (1949-2000), Journal of Climate 17: 2626-2636. Huntington, T. G., G. A. Hodgkins, and R. W. Dudley, 2003: His- torical trend in river ice thickness and coherence in hydrocli- matological trends in Maine. Climatic Change, 61, 217–236. Long, R. P., Horsely, S.B., Hallett, R. A., and Bailey, S. W., 2009. Sugar maple growth in relation to nutrition and stress in the northeastern United States. Ecological Applications, The Ecological Society of America 19(6), 1454–1466. Lovett, G. M., and Mitchell, M. J. Sugar maple and nitrogen cycling in the forests of eastern North America. 2004. The Ecological Society of America. 2(2): 81–88. Luzadis, V.A. and E.R. Gossett. 1996. Sugar Maple. Pages 157-166. Forest Trees of the Northeast, edited by James P. Lassoie, Valerie A. Luzadis, and Deborah W. Grover. Cooperative Extension Bulletin 235. Schwartz, M. D., and B. E. Reiter, 2000: Changes in North American spring. Int. J. Climatol., 20, 929–932. Wong, B.L., Baggett, K.L., and Rye, A.H. Seasonal patterns of reserve and soluble carbohydrates in mature sugar maple (Acer saccharum). 2003. Canadian Journal of Botany. 81: 780-788. Acknowledgements Dr. Pruyn Peter Thomas and Mount Cube Farm questions? Authors photo