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The Roman Empire • Rome is on the Tiber River in Italy. • Romulus founded Rome (753 B.C.E.) • First rulers; Etruscans (eighth to fifth centuries B.C.E.) • Overthrew Etruscan (509 B.C.E.) • Created a republic, a government of elected officials. • Senate; in the republic era particularly represented the wealthy landed aristocracy, known as Patricians. • Set the policy for Rome. • 2 consuls ran the government and commanded the army. • One year terms. • Chosen by Senate. • Could veto each other. • Most Romans were plebeians; small farmers. • Had “Assembly of Tribes,” where they passed laws and select magistrates, officials to run the government. • Unlike Athenian democracy, Republican Rome believed in division of powers within the state.. • Tribunes were elected to represent the plebeians. • Had veto power over Senate and Consuls. • The “Laws of the Twelve Tables” was publically displayed (450 B.C.E.). • Known as “the way of the ancestors” the “rule of law” represented the value of the Roman Republic. • Roman citizenship given to conquered peoples for supplying troops and tribute to Rome. • By 275 B.C.E., Rome controlled the entire Italian Peninsula. • Rome and Carthage wanted to control western Mediterranean trade. • They fought three wars (264 and 146 B.C.E.), known as the Punic Wars. • Rome destroyed the city, enslaved the population, and salted the land to make it infertile. • Known as a “Carthaginian Peace.” • Rome conquered from Britain to Mesopotamia (1st century C.E.). • Mediterranean Sea was called the Roman lake. • Motivation for expansion was due to the wealth of eastern Mediterranean societies • Regions outside of Italy were organized into provinces governed by a general. • Becoming an empire killed the Republic. • Generals raised armies by promises of land. • Creates personal armies loyal to the general not Rome. • Civil war begin when generals opposed one another for leadership of Rome. ` • Through Roman history, it was an aristocracy, a democracy, or a monarchy? • When Aristides described the Roman Empire as “a common democracy of the world, under one man, the best ruler and director”, he was Reflecting that the Roman Empire was the best of democracy and monarchy: the people’s wishes were fulfilled, and the emperor was fair and just. • Julius Caesar became dictator for life (46 B.C.E.). • He revised calendar, increased size of Senate, granted land to poor veterans, and added Egypt to the empire. • Attacked and killed on Senate floor (March 15, 44 B.C.E.). • Anthony and Octavian divided the Empire between them into east and west. • Battle of Actium Octavian defeated Anthony and proclaimed himself sole ruler of Rome (31 B.C.E.). • Proclaimed “Augustus Caesar.” (Venerable/Devine) • Mythological figures on breastplate suggest that political authority was divinely ordained • Begins the Pax Romana, 200 years of Roman peacetime. • Aristides says Roman Empire was “a common democracy of the world, under one man, the best ruler and director”. • Reflecting that the people’s wishes were fulfilled, and the emperor was fair and just. Why is this baby hanging on to his leg? • One important reason for Rome’s decline was its drop in population, caused by epidemics, brought by the Silk Road. • Declining trade led to fewer taxes. • Less money; roads and aqueducts not repaired, armies not paid. • Armies mutinies led meant boarders not protected. • Attila The Huns migrated from Asia to Gaul (5th century C.E.). • Migration pushed barbarian Visigoths, Ostrogoth, Vandals, and Franks into the empire. • “Barbarian” would be someone who is not part of a civilization. • These nomadic invaders had advantages over empire armies because they were more skilled as horsemen. • Visigoths sacked Rome (410 C.E.). • When Germanic tribes entered into the western part of the Roman Empire, they did not Romanize but produced a hybrid culture that drew on both Germanic and Roman elements. • The eastern portion of the Roman empire, known as the Byzantine Empire, experienced less decline than the west due to: – Had older traditions of civilization – Less pressure from barbarian invasions – More active trade – More wealthy • If the Greek genius was politics, the Roman genius was engineering. Creating aqueducts; use gravity to transport water to the cities. • Public toilets. Street drainage and underground sewage systems. • Most cities had free public baths. • Built a network of roads that made movement of trade goods, written orders, and soldiers easier. • Develop the overshot water wheel. It utilized water _____ times more efficiently than the undershot water wheel. • Polytheistic. • Religion has nothing to do with morality, it is there to ______. • So Romans tolerated religious diversity. • Pontifex Maximus; led the state religion. • Ancestor worship; the value of the Roman Republic, idealized as “the way of the ancestors” was Rule of law. The Roman Empire emphasized good laws while the Han dynasty emphasized good men (Confucius.) • From this image we see that the central figure represents the spirit of the male head of the household. • Such shrines to ancestor worship would be found in a wall niche in someone’s home. • The domestic shrine called the lararia suggest that Romans believed that guardian spirits provided protection within the home. • Wanting a more spiritual belief some joined a “mystery cult,” religious groups whose followers were promised an afterlife if they underwent secret rituals and purification rites. • Christianity also offered hope for an afterlife. • Inspired by Jesus. • A reform form of Judaism. • His followers (disciples) spread his teachings urban areas. • Popular among the urban poor, slaves, and women. • Unlike Judaism, women held leadership roles in early Church. • Followers transformed Jesus into God. • Jesus taught to “Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you.” • Christianity and Buddhism both attracted the masses because of their belief that people were equal. • Early Christianity was spread by merchants and missionaries along trade routes. • One of Jesus’ followers was Peter (died 64 C.E.), who traveled to Rome and is regarded as the first pope. • • • During its first 500 years, Christianity evolved from egalitarian small house churches into a male-dominated hierarchical Christian church. Emperor Constantine, 1st Christian emperor, declared it legal in the Edict of Milan (313 C.E.). By 500 C.E., Christianity is endorsed throughout Europe and North Africa. 3. Written accounts of the religion. • Four books describing the life of Jesus, the Gospels according to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. • Paul’s letters to early Churches. • They form the New Testament of the Bible. • Virgil’ “The Aeneid” • A story of the founding of Rome by exiled Trojans. Rome. • Livy’ “The History of Rome” • Historical account from the Republic through the early empire. • Tacitus, “Annals” • an important source to modern understanding of the history of the Roman Empire during the first century. • Philosophy based on Greek ideas. • Epicureanism; promotes living simply, enjoying the pleasures of life, and not focusing on appealing to the gods. • Stoicism; people should learn to accept the will of the gods and remain detached from pleasure and pain. • The stirrup came from Central Asia that provided greater stability for riders, making horses easier to control. • Originally an agricultural economy, based on small farms. • Over time, they tended to develop large, commercial estates. • Decline of Small Landowners: 1. Slave labor; independent farmers and tenants could not compete against production by slaves. 2. Military service; citizens 17 and 46, who owned land, were required to serve in the military. • Many poor farmers sold their small farms before entering the army. • Wealthy patricians created huge estates, known as latifundia. • Rome was connected to India and China through a trade network known as the Silk Road; an overland transregional route. • Maritime commerce took place across the Indian Ocean, and up the Red Sea. • Social stratification. • Some upward mobility. • Equestrians; citizens with 400,000 sesterces property value (soldiers made 900 a year). • Could hold positions in government. • Women engaged at seven. • During the empire, woman had more rights then Greek, Indian, and Chinese women. – Could divorce – Inherit property from father – Run a business • The portrait of Terentius Neo and his wife suggest that both the husband and wife were literate by the time of the empire. • Roman emperors tried to content the masses by organizing games and free food distribution. • A major sources of slaves were captured during wars. • Slaves comprised more than one-third of the total population • Used for: – Household care and tutoring – Work in mines – Agricultural labor – entertainment – Prohibited from serving in the military • Sabotage was an example of the “weapons of the weak” used by slaves to resist their enslavement. • Spartacus Rebellion (73 B.C.E.), large-scale, violent reactions to oppressive conditions. • Slavery slowed down growth and innovation in the Roman economy. • Little incentive to develop new technology. • Slaves ran business, and paid if they made a profit. • Some bought their freedom to become Roman citizens. That concludes The Roman Empire. Any questions before the quiz on the next slide?