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APPENDIX 2: SPECIFIC VOCABULARY OF THE UNIT Physical change Cambio físico /'fɪzɪkəl//tʃeɪndʒ/ A physical change is any change not involving a change in the substance's chemical identity. Chemical change Cambio químico /'kemɪkəl//tʃeɪndʒ/ The change of substances into other substances through a reorganization of the atoms. atoms Chemical reaction Reacción química /'kemɪkəl//ri'ækʃən/ A change in the arrangement of atoms or molecules to yield substances of different composition and properties. Characteristic properties Propiedades características /'kærəktə'rɪstɪk/ Typical properties of a substance. They serve to recognize this substance. Reactant Reactivo A chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction. Product /'prɒdʌkt/ Producto de la reacción A chemical substance that is produced at the end of a chemical reaction. Simple substance Sustancia simple /'sɪmpəl/ /'sʌbstəns/ Substance that you can’t decompose by heat or electricity. Compound substance Sustancia compuesto /'kɒmpaʊnd//'sʌbstəns/ Substance that you can decompose by heat or electricity. Atomic theory Teoría atómica /ə'tɒmɪk//'θiəri/ In chemistry and physics, atomic theory is a theory of the nature of matter, which states that matter is composed of discrete units called atoms or molecules. Formula Fórmula /'fɔ:mjʊlə/ A representation of a substance using symbols for its constituent elements. The relative composition is indicated by subscripts in the formula. Ion /'aɪɑ:n / Ion An atom or a group of atoms that has acquired a net electric charge by gaining or losing one or more electrons. Anion Anión ( n n) An ion having a positive charge. Cation Catión (k t n) An ion having a positive charge. Atomic number Número atómico /ə'tɒmɪk//'nʌmbər / The order of an element in Mendeleyev's table of the elements; equal to the number of protons in the nucleus or electrons in the neutral state of an atom of an element. Mass number Número másico /mæs//'nʌmbər / The sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus. Atomic mass Masa atómica /ə'tɒmɪk//mæs/ The mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic mass units. Atomic mass unit /ə'tɒmɪk//mæs//'ju:nɪt/ Unidad de masa atómica The precise definition is that it is one twelfth of the mass of an isolated atom of carbon-12 (12C). Periodic table of elements /’pɪəri'ɒdɪk//'teɪbəl//'eləmənts / The periodiс table of the chemical elements is a tabular display of the chemical elements based in periodic law: chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. Tabla periódica de los elementos Metal Metal /'metḷ/ Any of the several chemical elements that are usually shiny solids that conduct heat or electricity and can be formed into sheets and other specific properties. Non-metal No metal /nɒn//'metḷ/ A non-metal is a substance that conducts heat and electricity poorly, is brittle, waxy or gaseous, and cannot be hammered into sheets or drawn into wire. Non-metals gain electrons easily to form anions. About 20% of the known chemical elements are nonmetals. Metalloid Metaloide o semimetal (m t l-oid ) Found in the area between the metals and the non-metals on the Periodic Table of Elements. They are sometimes called semi-metals and have characteristics that resemble both metals and nonmetals. Alkalis ['ælkəlaɪ] First group of the periodic table of elements. Alcalinos Alkali earth ['ælkəlaɪ] /ɜ:rθ / Second group of the periodic table of elements. Alcalinotérreos Halogens Halógenos ['hæləʊdʒən] The halogens are a series of nonmetal elements from Group 17 IUPAC Style (formerly: VII, VIIA) of the periodic table. Noble gases Gases nobles /'nəʊbəl//gæsis/ Any of the elements of Group 18 (VIII, VIIIA), which includes helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon, and element 118. These elements are referred to as "inert" or "noble" because they do not easily form compounds with other elements. Transition elements /træn'zɪʃən//'eləmənts / A class of elements occurring in the periodic table in three series: from scandium to zinc; from yttrium to cadmium; and from lanthanum to mercury. Elementos de transición Inner transition elements Elementos de transición interna o Tierras raras /'ɪnər //træn'zɪʃən//'eləmənts / The elements in the two sections of the periodic table are usually separated from it and located below. These include fourteen elements in each case. Lanthanides Lantánidos (l n th -nidis) A group of fourteen elements following lanthanurn in the periodic table. Actinides Actínidos ( k t -nidis) A group of elements in the periodic table from actinium (atomic number 89) to lawrencium (atomic number 103). Group /gru:p/ A vertical column in the Periodic Table. Grupo Period Periodo /'pɪriəd / The elements in a horizontal row of the periodic table . Decay elements /dɪ'keɪ//'eləmənts / Unstable elements. Elementos inestables Synthetic elements /sɪn'θetɪk/ /'eləmənts / Elementos sintéticos Elements made artificially in a particles accelerator. Chemical bond /'kemɪkəl//bɒnd/ Enlace químico Any of the several attractive forces that serve to bind atoms together to form molecules. Chemical equation /'kemɪkəl//ɪ'kweɪʒən/ Ecuación química A symbolic representation of a chemical reaction; reactants are represented on the left, and products on the right. Subscripts (s b skr pts) They indicate the number of atoms in a molecule. Subíndices Coeficientes Estequiometric coefficients They inform you of the number of molecules or estequiométricos atoms that take part in a chemical reaction. reaction Acid rain /'æsɪd//reɪn/ Lluvia ácida Rain containing acids that are formed in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions (especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with wáter. Greenhouse effect /gri:n//haʊs//ɪ'fekt/ Efecto invernadero The effect produced as greenhouse gases allow incoming solar radiation to pass through throug the Earth's atmosphere, but prevent most of the outgoing infrared radiation from the surface and lower atmosphere from escaping into outer space. Climatic change Climate change is any long-term long change in the statistics of weather over durations ranging from decades to millions of years. It can be manifested manifest in changes to averages, extremes, remes, or other statistical measures, and may occur in a specific region or for the Earth as a whole. Cambio climático