Download Hoopa Valley Housing Authority Climate Action Plan

Hoopa Valley Housing
Authority Climate Action Plan
A Guiding Document to Inform Future Policy Decisions
1/19/2015
Prepared for the
Hoopa Valley Housing Authority
by
Redwood Coast Energy Authority
in collaboration with
McKeever Energy & Electric, Inc.
HOOPA VALLEY HOUSING AUTHORITY MISSION STATEMENT
To provide the Hoopa Valley Tribal membership with the
opportunity for safe, sanitary and affordable housing by way of
new construction, acquisition, rehabilitation, and maintenance
of existing houses. This process will not only promote jobs,
economic self-sufficiency/economic independence, but also
enhance the quality of life with a direct relationship to our
unique culture and traditional values.
CLIMATE ACTION PLAN MISSION STATEMENT
The Hoopa Valley Housing Authority will take accountability for
and implement practices to offset one-hundred percent of its
greenhouse gas emissions, achieve energy independence and
security, develop resources with health, safety, culture, and
sustainability as core philosophies, and provide an
ecologically conscientious community for future generations.
Acknowledgements
Hoopa Valley Housing Authority
Rodney E. Vigil, Sr., Executive Director
Pamela Mattz, Project Coordinator
Kristen Raymond, RSCO
Dania R. Colegrove, Maintenance Supervisor
Trinity Valley Consulting Engineers Inc.
Frank Masten, Project Engineer
McKeever Energy & Electric, Inc.
Nate McKeever, President and Project Manager
Redwood Coast Energy Authority
Matthew Marshall, Executive Director
Jerome Carman, Energy Specialist
Lori Biondini, Energy Specialist
Disclaimer
The content of this Climate Action Plan is provided for guidance and planning purposes only, and is by no
degree put forth as Hoopa law.
Executive Summary
A Climate Action Plan is similar to a hazard mitigation plan in the sense that it identifies actions that
can mitigate the effects of climate change in the future as well as help the community adapt to the
inevitable changes that we are now beginning to see. Just as "tribal and local authorities, not federal,
have the primary responsibility for preventing, responding to, and recovering from emergencies and
disasters (Mendes, Preppernau, & McAdams, May 28, 2014)", the same is true for the potential
impacts from climate change.
The Hoopa Valley Housing Authority (HVHA), in collaboration with Trinity Valley Consulting
Engineers (TVCE), commissioned McKeever Energy & Electric, Inc. (ME&E) to develop a plan that
the HVHA could use to address the issues of climate change. ME&E contracted with the Redwood
Coast Energy Authority (RCEA) who has experience developing Climate Action Plans.
A greenhouse gas emissions inventory was conducted for HVHA business and resident activities for
the year 2013, and a forecast was made out to 2050 assuming an additional 150 homes are built
between 2015 and 2050. This inventory informed the development the Hoopa Valley Housing
Authority Climate Action Plan. This Plan is the final result of this one year effort.
Technically, a Climate Action Plan is focused on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This is
accomplished by reducing energy use, using energy more efficiently, and switching to renewable
and environmentally responsible energy sources. In practice, this Plan also addresses community
and cultural values. Our daily lives are intertwined with the energy that we consume and the ways
we decide to consume that energy. Cultural values and socio-economic norms both influence and
are influenced by the choices we make every day, from the food we eat to the home we live in.
The sum total of the actions in this Plan are ambitious, some are daunting. As shown in Figure 1,
41% percent of the total emissions from HVHA business and resident activities can be offset if all
actions are successfully accomplished. In other words, 41% of the community's' energy consumption
is both reduced and switched to renewable sources.
Remaining
Community
Emissions That
Need to be Offset
59%
CAP Reductions
to Community
Emissions
40%
CAP Reductions
to HVHA Business
Emissions
1%
Figure 1: The sum total of emissions from HVHA business and resident activities in 2050 are represented by
this graph. The combined impact of all actions in this Plan reduce 41% of these emissions. The remaining
59% must be offset through other means.
i
Actions are grouped based on the organization or group that will most likely need to take the lead on
implementing those actions. These action groups are described in the following table and are also
color coded as shown throughout the document.
Group That Will Implement
Actions
Section
Number of Actions
Hoopa Valley Housing Authority
5 and 6
15
Tribal Community as a whole
7
6
HVHA Residents
8
3
Potential Actions that could be
pursued to offset remaining HVHA
business and resident emissions
9
3
A key recommendation of this Plan is the creation of a Climate Action Plan Director staff position.
This position could be within the HVHA, within another Tribal Department, or could be a shared staff
position between multiple Tribes with similar goals. The Climate Action Plan Director would be
charged with coordinating and implementing this Plan. Their most critical role is to initiate actions
and maintain their momentum. Also
critical, the Director would be devoted
Section 6
to seeking and securing funding for
HVHA
these actions.
Actions
Collaboration on multiple levels is also
seen as essential to the successful
implementation of this Plan.
Collaboration within the HVHA will be
Section 5
Section 9
Section 7
critical if the numerous actions within
Dedicated
Offset
Tribal
Collaborative Staff
this Plan are to be successfully
Actions
Actions
Position(s)
implemented. Collaboration witin the
Hoopa Tribe will be critical for
accomplishing the larger more
complex actions that need the support
Section 8
of the whole community.
HVHA
Resident
Finally, there are numerous Tribes,
Actions
both locally and Nationally, with similar
goals and various levels of experience
implementing related projects. Collaboration with these groups will be greatly beneficial for both the
HVHA and the Tribe if the goals of this Plan are to be realized. Furthermore, there is an amazing
number of organizations devoted to promoting and advancing the same goals that this Plan seeks to
accomplish. Many of these organizations are mentioned in this Plan within each action as potential
partner agencies and/or possible resources.
ii
Table of Contents
1
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1
2
Purpose of Your Climate Action Plan ............................................................................................. 2
3
4
2.1
Overview of Climate Change .................................................................................................. 3
2.2
Model Predictions of Climate Change .................................................................................... 5
2.3
Tribal, State, and Federal Climate Change Policy ................................................................. 7
2.3.1
Relevant Hoopa Tribe Policy .......................................................................................... 7
2.3.2
Policies and Projects of Neighboring Tribes ................................................................... 8
2.3.3
Federal Policy.................................................................................................................. 8
2.3.4
California Policy .............................................................................................................. 9
Hoopa Valley Housing Authority Profile ....................................................................................... 13
3.1
Community Statistics ............................................................................................................ 13
3.2
Housing Authority Background ............................................................................................. 13
3.3
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory ................................................................................. 14
3.3.1
Hoopa Valley Housing Authority Business Activities .................................................... 14
3.3.2
Hoopa Valley Housing Authority Residents .................................................................. 16
Understanding Your Climate Action Plan..................................................................................... 19
4.1
Plan
5
Implementing Your Climate Action Plan ...................................................................................... 29
5.1
6
The Estimated Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Potential of Your Climate Action
21
Create a Dedicated Climate Action Plan Director Position .................................................. 31
5.1.1
Organizations for Collaboration .................................................................................... 31
5.1.2
Potential Funding Sources ............................................................................................ 32
5.1.3
Assessing the Results of Actions .................................................................................. 33
5.1.4
Updating Your Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Climate Action Plan........................... 33
Recommended Actions for the Hoopa Valley Housing Authority ................................................ 37
6.1
Retrofits to HVHA Office Buildings ....................................................................................... 37
6.1.1
Upgrade Lights and Appliances in Offices and Exterior Lighting ................................. 37
6.1.2
Install a Geothermal or Air Source Heat Pump in Main Office ..................................... 38
6.2
Retrofits to Existing Homes .................................................................................................. 38
6.2.1
Upgrade Lights and Appliances in Homes.................................................................... 38
6.2.2
Weatherization .............................................................................................................. 40
6.2.3
Install Geothermal or Air Source Heat Pumps in Homes ............................................. 41
iii
6.3
Organizational Energy Efficiency Education Campaign ....................................................... 42
6.4
Develop a "One-Stop" Energy Information Source for all Tribal Residents ......................... 42
6.5
Developing Small Scale Distributed Alternative Energy ...................................................... 43
6.5.1
Solar Electric Systems Installed on New and Existing Homes ..................................... 44
6.5.2
Solar Thermal Hot Water System Installed for New and Existing Homes.................... 44
6.5.3
Solar Electric System Installed for Business Offices .................................................... 46
6.5.4
Solar Thermal Hot Water System Installed for Business Offices ................................. 46
6.6
7
8
9
Alternative Transportation Options for HVHA Business Operations .................................... 47
6.6.1
Replace Two GSA Vehicles with Electric Vehicles....................................................... 47
6.6.2
Employee Commute Trip Reduction Campaign ........................................................... 48
6.6.3
Replace Remaining Fleet Vehicles with Biodiesel Vehicles ......................................... 49
Broader Collaborative Planning and Policy Actions ..................................................................... 53
7.1
Community Development Master Plan ................................................................................. 54
7.2
Building Codes ...................................................................................................................... 56
7.3
Participate in a County Community Choice Aggregation Program ...................................... 59
7.4
Increase and Improve Public Transportation Options .......................................................... 60
7.5
Support the Northwest California Alternative Transportation Fuels Readiness Project ...... 61
7.6
Policy Engagement with the Federal Government ............................................................... 62
Recommended Actions for Housing Authority Residents ............................................................ 67
8.1
Form a Community Climate Action Group............................................................................ 67
8.2
Develop and Maintain Community Gardens ........................................................................ 68
8.3
Enroll in the PG&E Green Option Program .......................................................................... 69
Potential Projects to Offset Remaining Community Emissions ................................................... 73
9.1
Implement Actions That Target Existing Homes on More Than Half of Existing Homes .... 73
9.2
Local Utility-Scale Electricity Production .............................................................................. 73
9.3
Carbon Sequestration by Maintaining Local Forests ........................................................... 74
Literature References .......................................................................................................................... 79
Appendix A: Image Sources and Descriptions .................................................................................. 80
Appendix B: Detailed Notes on the Calculation Methods Used to Quantify the Impact of Actions .. 82
iv
List of Figures
Figure 1: The sum total of emissions from HVHA business and resident activities in 2050 are
represented by this graph. The combined impact of all actions in this Plan reduce 41% of these
emissions. The remaining 59% must be offset through other means. ................................................... i
Figure 2: Summary of the global greenhouse effect. ............................................................................ 4
Figure 3: Only climate models that include human-caused influences match observed trends in
global average air temperature (Meehl, et al., 2004). ........................................................................... 5
Figure 4: Project future global (a) surface temperature, (b) average precipitation, (c) northern
hemisphere sea ice content, and (d) ocean surface acidity. The left set of images (RCP 2.6)
represent the result of the lowest expected concentration of greenhouse gases by the year 2100,
and the right set of images (RCP 8.5) represent the result of the highest expected concentration.
(Stocker, et al., 2013). ............................................................................................................................ 6
Figure 5: Projected changes in plant species from climate change. The top image shows the current
plant species in the Klamath Basin. Future changes are shown by three different climate models run
with different assumptions (each column is one model). The Hoopa Reservation area is indicated by
a red arrow.(Barr, et al., March, 2010)................................................................................................... 7
Figure 6: Structure of government departments of the Hoopa Tribe that are relevant to most of the
actions in this Plan, and their connection with different Federal Departments. The HVHA may want to
collaborate directly with many of these agencies in order to successfully implement some of the
actions in this plan................................................................................................................................ 14
Figure 7: Total greenhouse gas emissions from HVHA business activities. Emissions are shown by
fuel type consumed. ............................................................................................................................. 15
Figure 8: Total greenhouse gas emissions from HVHA business activities. Emissions are shown by
emissions source. ................................................................................................................................ 15
Figure 9: Greenhouse gas emissions for the year 2013 from all HVHA residents. ............................ 16
Figure 10: A dedicated staff person that is involved in the coordination and implementation of all
actions will greatly improve the success of this Climate Action Plan .................................................. 19
Figure 11: Total forecasted business-as-usual emissions for 2050 are represented as the total pie.
The fraction that are reduced from the actions within this plan are shown along with the remaining
amount that must be addressed through additional actions not included in this Plan and/or emissions
offset projects such as the sale of RECs from a utility-scale renewable energy facility or carbon
sequestration projects. ......................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 12 Colored areas represent the forecasted greenhouse gas emissions for HVHA business
activities through 2050. The green line represents the emissions reduction potential from all activities
in this Plan that impact emissions from HVHA business activities. ..................................................... 24
v
Figure 13: Colored background wedges are the forecasted greenhouse gas emissions for HVHA
residents through 2050 if no actions are taken and houses are built business-as-usual. The black
line represents the sum total of all the emissions from the different emissions sectors. The green line
represents the expected emissions if all actions in this plan are implemented. The blue line
represents the goal of the HVHA. ........................................................................................................ 25
vi
List of Tables
Table 1: Explanation of the cost effectiveness rating used for each action. ....................................... 19
Table 2: Table summarizing the actions in this Plan. .......................................................................... 22
Table 3: High level timeline of all actions needed to successfully achieve significant and lasting
reductions of the greenhouse gas emissions from the Hoopa Valley Housing Authority and residents.
.............................................................................................................................................................. 29
Table 4: Suggested implementation timeline for the actions in this Plan. ........................................... 30
vii
1 Introduction
The Hupa People, “Natinixwhe,” have called the Hoopa Valley, “Natinook,” home since time
immemorial. Their roots run deep like the ancient redwoods and the resolute tanoaks. The
Trinity River is the life blood flowing through the Hoopa Valley from the snow crested mountains
of the southeast to the Pacific Ocean in the west.
The Hoopa Valley Housing Authority (HVHA) as an entity of the Hoopa Valley Tribe has the
responsibility of providing safe, healthy, affordable housing to its’ members. They are in a
unique position to provide housing that also takes into consideration the long-term impacts of
their housing development practices.
By developing a strategic plan, a Climate Action Plan (CAP), and looking at the direct impacts to
the climate by Hoopa Valley Housing Authority’s everyday routines and practices, the Hoopa
Valley Housing Authority will make sound decisions with the future generations’ best interest in
mind and ideally will be able to set an example of success and prosperity for the world. The
development of this strategic plan will improve the practices and philosophy of the Hoopa Valley
Housing Authority and will assist in the transition back to the traditional practices of preservation
and care for the Earth’s environment.
Introduction
1
2 Purpose of Your Climate Action Plan
A Climate Action Plan is similar to a hazard mitigation plan in the sense that it identifies actions that
can mitigate the effects of climate change in the future as well as help our community adapt to the
inevitable changes that we are now beginning to see. Just as "tribal and local authorities, not federal,
have the primary responsibility for preventing, responding to, and recovering from emergencies and
disasters (Mendes, Preppernau, & McAdams, May 28, 2014)", the same is true for the potential
impacts from climate change.
Technically, a Climate Action Plan is focused on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This is
accomplished by reducing energy use, using energy more efficiently, and switching to renewable
and environmentally responsible energy sources.
Beyond the goal of reducing emissions, this Climate Action Plan is a Community Action Plan. Aiming
towards this goal of energy independence has many significant benefits to the community including;






decreased utility and transportation costs for residents and businesses,
increased money spent at local businesses which benefits the local economy,
more local jobs through the work needed to create an energy independent community,
reduced fossil fuel use which improves air quality and reduces pollution that impacts the
health of the community,
more opportunities for walking and bicycling which benefits the health of the community,
improved local and global environmental health.
Greenhouse gas emissions are the common thread that binds the various actions in this Plan, but
their reduction is not the sole purpose of this plan. Many other important goals such as energy
independence, food sovereignty, community health, and cultural resilience are intertwined.
Greenhouse gas emissions provide a convenient metric for assessing the environmental impact of
actions thereby using the momentum of climate change mitigation and adaptation to move
community resilience forward. Throughout this plan there are many actions of which the greenhouse
gas emissions impact are unknown, but are considered critical for accomplishing the overall mission
of reducing the environmental impact of the Housing Authority.
There are generally two main goals that actions are striving for in a Climate Action Plan
Mitigating actions focus on ways to reduce, or mitigate, the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by
the community. The goal of mitigating actions is to minimize the impact of future climate change, and
improve local and global environmental health.
Adaptive actions focus on ways the community can prepare for the expected future impacts of
climate change.
Mitigating Actions
The primary goal is to reduce the amount of
greenhouse gases emitted by a community.
Purpose of Your Climate Action Plan
Adaptive Actions
The primary goal is to prepare the community for
the expected changes in the climate.
2
Both mitigating and adaptive actions are important. Very often mitigating actions are also adaptive
actions since reduced energy use often also means being more locally sustainable and resilient.
Actions within this Plan are color coded as shown based on the primary goal of that action.
2.1 Overview of Climate Change
The Nez Perce Tribe Water Resources Department drafted a Climate Adaptation Plan in 2011.
Included is an excellent and clear description of the difference between climate and weather which is
a key concept in understanding what climate change is. A passage is quoted below.
"When discussing climate change, one must not confuse climate with weather. The
difference between climate and weather is dependent upon time. Weather shows the
condition of the atmosphere over a short period of time (hours , days) in a specific
place. Climate describes how the atmosphere behaves over a long period of time
(years, decades). Local or regional weather forecasts include temperature, humidity,
wind, cloudiness, and expected precipitation over the next few days. Climate is the
average of these weather conditions over many years. Some meteorologists like the
saying that "climate is what you expect; weather is what you get", memorable words
variously attributed to Mark Twain, Robert Heinlein, and others.
In practical terms, the climate for a particular city, state, or region tells you whether to
pack short-sleeved shirts and shorts or parkas and mittens before you visit during a
certain season, while the local weather forecast tells you if you'll want to wear the
parka by itself or with an extra sweater today (http://www2.ucar.edu/climate/faq).
Climate change refers to changes in these long-term averages of daily
weather.(Clark & Harris, December 2011)"
At the heart of the issue of climate change is the greenhouse effect. A graphic of what the
greenhouse effect is as it relates to the earth is shown in Figure 2 below. Greenhouse gases
contribute to the greenhouse gas effect because they are very effective at absorbing infrared
radiation (heat) and sending that heat back to the earth's surface. Greenhouse gases act as an
invisible blanket which lets sunlight in through the atmosphere but prevents heat from leaving the
atmosphere which keeps the earth warm. This is a good thing, and is a critical factor for sustaining
life on Earth.
Purpose of Your Climate Action Plan
3
Figure 2: Summary of the global greenhouse effect.
Greenhouse gases retain heat relative to the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This
is analogous to a thicker blanket keeping you warmer compared with a thinner blanket. As such,
adding additional greenhouse gases has the result of making that greenhouse gas blanket thicker.
This keeps more heat trapped in the earth's atmosphere and increases the global average
temperature thereby changing the climate.
The impact of an increased global temperature is referred to as climate change; a change in the
climate patterns that we currently are used to at the global level. This directly impacts the weather
that we are used to at the local level. Furthermore, an increase in the global temperature means
changes to the earth's surface and changes in animal and plant species.
A collaborative document published in 2010 called "Preparing for Climate Change in the Klamath
Basin" projects
"...an increase in annual average temperatures compared to baseline of 2.1°F to
3.6°F ... by mid century and 4.6°F to 7.2°F by late century. (Barr, et al., March,
2010)"
These projections were made by running multiple climate models specific for the Klamath Basin. The
expected impacts of this projected rise in temperature are drier summers and an uncertain change in
precipitation amounts ranging from an 11% decrease to a 24% increase over the next century.
Changes in vegetation in the Lower Klamath Basin are
"projected to favor oaks and madrone over maritime conifer forests (redwood,
Douglas fir, and Sitka spruce), which are projected to decline." (Barr, et al., March,
2010)"
Purpose of Your Climate Action Plan
4
A "11%-22% greater area burned by wildfire by late century" is also expected.
2.2 Model Predictions of Climate Change
There is international scientific consensus that the global climate is changing, and that human
actions, primarily the burning of fossil fuels, are a main cause of those changes. The
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a leading scientific body charged with
bringing together the work of thousands of climate scientists. The IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report
states that “warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the
observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The atmosphere and ocean have
warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations
of greenhouse gases have
increased.” Furthermore,
the report finds that “it is
extremely likely that human
influence has been the
dominant cause of the
observed warming since
the mid 20th century."
(Stocker, et al., 2013)
Figure 4 on the next page
shows the model results
from the IPCC report for
expected change in global
temperature, rain fall,
Figure 3: Only climate models that include human-caused influences match quantity of sea ice, and
observed trends in global average air temperature (Meehl, et al., 2004).
ocean acidity.
Figure 3 shows observed global average air temperature (black) compared with two model
scenarios: one that includes human-caused influences ((red) anthropogenic) and one that does not
(blue). This shows that observations match the model that includes human-caused influences.
Climate modeling has also been done for the local Klamath Basin region. Figure 5 below shows
model results for the expected changes in plant species as a result of climate change.
Purpose of Your Climate Action Plan
5
Figure 4: Project future global (a) surface temperature, (b) average precipitation, (c) northern hemisphere sea
ice content, and (d) ocean surface acidity. The left set of images (RCP 2.6) represent the result of the lowest
expected concentration of greenhouse gases by the year 2100, and the right set of images (RCP 8.5)
represent the result of the highest expected concentration. (Stocker, et al., 2013).
Purpose of Your Climate Action Plan
6
Figure 5: Projected changes in plant species from climate change. The top image shows the current plant
species in the Klamath Basin. Future changes are shown by three different climate models run with different
assumptions (each column is one model). The Hoopa Reservation area is indicated by a red arrow.(Barr, et
al., March, 2010)
2.3 Tribal, State, and Federal Climate Change Policy
The purpose of this Climate Action Plan is to also align and compliment the actions of the Hoopa
Valley Housing Authority with relevant tribal and federal policies. Furthermore, state policies,
although not directly applicable, are good to know about as neighboring jurisdictions will be acting in
accordance to them.
2.3.1 Relevant Hoopa Tribe Policy
As stewards of the land as ordained by the All Mighty Creator the Hupa have a responsibility to
establish policies and implement practices that are in the best interests of the land and the people.
Currently, there is no official Hoopa Tribal policy that is explicitly crafted to address human impacts
to climate change. This document is the first official recognition that current societal practices harbor
Purpose of Your Climate Action Plan
7
the potential of negative climatic reactions and that a direct evaluation and, as needed, correction of
action is necessary.
Several policies and ordinances have been drafted and adopted by Hoopa that address specific
actions that are in line with the same philosophy of climate responsibility. These Hoopa Tribe
documents include:







Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan: can be used to guide housing development adaptation goals by
assuming that identified flood and fire risk areas could be exacerbated by climate change.
Solid Waste ordinance
Forest Management Plan
Land Use Plan (currently in draft form)
Comprehensive Plan
Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation Long Range Transportation Plan
o Traffic Calming and Safety Enhancement in the Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation: A
Conceptual Plan for ‘Downtown’ Hoopa
Strategic Energy Plan
2.3.2 Policies and Projects of Neighboring Tribes
All local Tribes are stewards of our local resources. Hence, it is worth noting relevant policies and
activities of neighboring tribes to facilitate collaboration and correlate activities to increase success
and share resources. A sample of relevant policies are listed here, but this list is by no means
comprehensive. These policies and activities are listed here to acknowledge their value, and by no
degree are they recommended to be upheld as Hoopa Law.



Karuk Tribe Eco-Cultural Resources Management Plan: "...a long-term adaptation strategy
for the protection, enhancement and utilization of cultural and natural resources.(Ray, 2012)"
Yurok Tribe and Climate Change - An Initial Prioritization Plan: climate change information
delivered at Yurok Tribe District Meetings along with a survey to identify climate change
priorities.
Yurok Tribe Sustainable Forest Project: a sustainable forest management project, over an
area of 21,240 acres, that is generating carbon offset credits that are sold in the California
Cap-and-Trade market.
2.3.3 Federal Policy
There are numerous federal policies that are related to greenhouse gas emissions are that are either
good to be aware of or directly applicable to tribal governments.
Environmental Protection Agency Clean Air Act
This policy sets air quality standards and requires permits for stationary and mobile combustion
sources.

Title V Greenhouse Gas Tailoring Rule: tailors standards for pollutant emissions to be
specific to GHG emissions; creating permitting standards based on CO2 equivalent
emissions. Aimed at targeting the largest GHG emitters from stationary sources.
Purpose of Your Climate Action Plan
8

Tribal New Source Review: responsibility of either EPA or tribe (would need to have a Tribal
Implementation Plan approved by EPA) to issue permits for sources of GHG emissions in
Indian country, applies to new/expanding sources or areas of nonattainment
o Note that the Tribal NSR program for oil and gas sources currently in
review/comment process
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
This process incorporates the assessment of impacts of climate change and greenhouse gas
emissions on proposed, federally-funded projects.
Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA)
This policy is aimed at improving vehicle fuel economy and increasing the use of renewable fuels. It
increased Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards to 35 mpg by 2020, amended the
Renewable Fuel Standard to increase the target volume, improved efficiency standards for lighting
and appliances, and energy efficiency standards for residential/commercial/federal buildings for both
new and existing buildings.

Renewable Fuel Standard: this is part of the EISA. It requires an increasing minimum volume
of renewable fuel to be mixed into fuel used for transportation, with a goal of 36 billion
gallons by 2022.
Tribal Energy Resource Agreements (amended under Energy Policy Act 2005)
The United States Department of Energy created a process for tribes to be given the authority to
review, approve, and manage energy development on tribal lands without federal approval. This
provides tribal governments exemption from the NEPA process.
Clean Power Plan
This plan sets standards for CO2 emissions from electricity-generating power plants. It establishes a
goal of a 30% reduction in emissions nationwide (from 2005 levels) by 2030. Standards are statespecific, but states can collaborate to come up with regional strategies to achieve reduced
emissions. Standards are based on each state’s fuel sources and current efforts to reduce the
carbon intensity of emissions.
2.3.4 California Policy
California has a number of state level policies that serve as regulatory drivers for climate action
planning at the local government levels, which are described below. These State policies are being
acknowledged, but are not being proposed to be Hoopa law or policy.
Global Warming Solutions Act (AB 32)
California passed the Global Warming Solutions Act (AB 32) in 2006, which charged the California
Air Resources Board (CARB) with implementing a comprehensive statewide program to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions. AB 32 established the following greenhouse gas emissions reduction
targets for the state of California:


2000 levels by 2010
1990 levels by 2020
Purpose of Your Climate Action Plan
9
SB 375
SB 375 enhances California's ability to reach its AB 32 goals by promoting good planning with the
goal of more sustainable communities. SB 375 requires CARB to develop regional greenhouse gas
emission reduction targets for passenger vehicles. CARB is to establish targets for 2020 and 2035
for each region covered by one of the State's 18 metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs).
Executive Order S-3-05
Executive Order S-3-05, issued by Governor Schwarzenegger, reinforces these goals and also sets
a schedule for the reporting of both the measured impacts of climate change upon California’s
natural environment and the emissions reduction efforts undertaken by a myriad of state, regional,
and local groups. Executive Order S-3-05 establishes an additional target of 80% below 1990 levels
by 2050. Blue Lake's GHG emissions inventory and climate action plan is intended to enable the City
to develop effective GHG reduction policies and programs to contribute to meeting these targets and
track emissions reduction progress.
California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA)
CEQA requires public agencies to evaluate the environmental impacts of discretionary development
plans and projects in their jurisdictions. CEQA guidelines were updated in March 2010 to require
analysis of climate change in CEQA documents. Many jurisdictions are finding that climate change
impacts from local government activities are "significant" under CEQA, and are identifying emissions
reductions targets and Climate Action Plans as mitigation measures to reduce climate change
impacts to less-than-significant levels.
Purpose of Your Climate Action Plan
10
Purpose of Your Climate Action Plan
11
Purpose of Your Climate Action Plan
12
3 Hoopa Valley Housing Authority Profile
Tribal demographics, the history of the HVHA, and the greenhouse gas emissions profile of the
HVHA and its residents provide background and context.
3.1 Community Statistics
The Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation is the largest reservation in California. According to the
Executive Order issued by President U.S. Grant on June 23, 1876, the Reservation encompasses
89,572 acres. As currently surveyed, the Reservation is nearly square with sides 12 miles in length
or approximately 144 square miles. This area encompasses roughly 50% of the Hupa aboriginal
territory. The 2000 census states the reservation population is 2,633. By utilizing the 1997 BIA
Report and the 2000 census population statistics, the population on the reservation was determined
to include 1,983 Hoopa, 337 other Native Americans, and 403 non-Indians.1
Most Tribal members that live on the reservation live in homes constructed by the HVHA. Most are
low income renters. A significant percentage do not have steady employment. The majority of those
who do have steady employment work in Tribal jobs on the reservation. While only Tribal members
can apply to live in homes constructed by the HVHA, some have family members living with them
that are not Tribal members.
3.2 Housing Authority Background
The Hoopa Valley Housing Authority was charted on April 16th, 1968 under Title 27 of Tribal Law.
The HVHA constructed their first home in 1974 and has since constructed 290 homes for Tribal
members. As of the writing of this document three 4-plexes are being constructed that will house
twelve more families.
The mission of the HVHA is to provide affordable housing to low income Tribal families. This is
primarily accomplished through development, planning, and implementation of the Federal Housing
and Urban Development (HUD) program which was extended to federally recognized tribes in 1996
under the Native American Housing Assistance and Self-Determination Act (NAHASDA). Homes are
provided to Tribal members through two pathways:


the rental program and
the home buyer program.
The HVHA also applies for additional grant funding to supplement HUD projects and to fund projects
outside the scope of HUD.
The HVHA plans, constructs, and maintains housing through different departments. These are
development, fiscal, resident services, and maintenance. The HVHA plans to continue building
homes to meet the need of Tribal members. The HVHA expects to construct another 150 - 200
homes through 2050.
1
Quoted from the Hoopa Valley Tribe website: https://www.hoopa-nsn.gov/about-hoopa
Hoopa Valley Housing Authority Profile
13
Hoopa Valley
Tribal Council
Natural
Resources
Department
Land
Management
Bureau of Indian
Affairs
Tribal
Environmental
Protection
Agency
EPA (Clean
Water Act)
Hoopa Tribal
Forestry
Hoopa Valley
Housing
Authority
Hoopa Valley
Public Utilities
District
Office of Tribal
Attorney
Fisheries
US Fish and
Wildlife
Figure 6: Structure of government departments of the Hoopa Tribe that are relevant to most of the actions in
this Plan, and their connection with different Federal Departments. The HVHA may want to collaborate
directly with many of these agencies in order to successfully implement some of the actions in this plan.
3.3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
Through the completion of a local emissions study, or “greenhouse gas inventory,” the HVHA has
determined emissions levels for HVHA business activities and for the residential communities that
the HVHA oversees. Results are presented in the HVHA Greenhouse Gas Inventory (a separate
document). However, this report summarizes the results in the following sections.
3.3.1 Hoopa Valley Housing Authority Business Activities
Figure 7 and Figure 8 break down the emissions results for HVHA business activities. Total
emissions for 2013 are estimated to be 88 metric tons of CO2e (carbon dioxide equivalent).
Hoopa Valley Housing Authority Profile
14
Water
Consumption
0.03%
Septic
1.59%
Solid Waste
2.80%
Electricity
17.59%
Propane
5.25%
Gasoline
72.75%
Figure 7: Total greenhouse gas emissions from HVHA business activities. Emissions are shown by fuel type
consumed.
Septic Usage
1.59%
Employee
Commute
29.77%
Solid Waste
2.80%
Buildings
Electricity and
Fuel Use
21.47%
Public Lighting
1.37%
Water
Consumption
0.03%
Vehicle Fleet
42.98%
Figure 8: Total greenhouse gas emissions from HVHA business activities. Emissions are shown by
emissions source.
Hoopa Valley Housing Authority Profile
15
3.3.2 Hoopa Valley Housing Authority Residents
Figure 9 below represents a breakdown of the emissions in 2013 by the residential communities of





BIA Campus Housing Village
Campbell Field Housing Village
Hostler Field Housing Village
Norton Field Housing Village
Scattered Sites
representing a total of 290 homes and roughly 1,090 residents. Community-wide emissions
represent the sum total of emissions produced within housing complex limits, emissions resulting
from electricity use by these housing communities, and an estimate of the transportation emissions
from resident activities. These results represent all emissions for which the community residents are
directly responsible.
Total emissions are estimated to be 4,520 metric tons of CO2e.
Water
Consumption
0.11%
Septic
2.61%
Solid Waste
0.26%
Electricity
18.87%
Propane
5.36%
Firewood
3.16%
Gasoline and
Diesel
69.64%
Figure 9: Greenhouse gas emissions for the year 2013 from all HVHA residents.
Hoopa Valley Housing Authority Profile
16
Hoopa Valley Housing Authority Profile
17
Hoopa Valley Housing Authority Profile
18
4 Understanding Your Climate Action Plan
Recommended actions are broken out into different sections based on the organization or group that
will likely take a leading role in initiating and implementing those actions. It is highly recommended
that funding be ear-marked for a dedicated person or group of people that are charged with
coordinating and overseeing the implementation of all of the actions in this Plan. To this end the
recommendations in Section 5 should be prioritized first. Following this, the recommended actions in
Sections 6, 7, 8 and 9 can and should be pursued in parallel. Funding must be allocated for the
success of these actions must become the organization’s highest priority and must rapidly become a
major part of the organizational culture.
Section 6
HVHA
Actions
Section 9
Offset
Actions
Section 5
Dedicated
Collaborative Staff
Position(s)
Section 7
Tribal
Actions
Section 8
HVHA
Resident
Actions
Figure 10: A dedicated staff person that is involved in the
coordination and implementation of all actions will greatly
improve the success of this Climate Action Plan
In each focus area, a series of
targets with suggested first
implementation steps are explored. A
“Target” is a goal, end result, or
objective that can be measured, and
the suggested first implementation
steps are a possible means of
realizing the objective.
Each action is also rated based on its
relative cost effectiveness. Cost
effectiveness is defined as the total
incremental cost through 2050
required to reduce one metric ton of
green house gas emissions annually
through 2050. This is intended to
assist in prioritizing decisions between
now and 2050. Table 1 describes the
different rating values. For actions
where costs are not known, this rating
is more subjective based on what the
perceived relative benefit will be.
Each action is given a time range with a recommended start time for the action. This range is
intended to assist the Housing Authority in committing to a reasonable timeline of actions to reduce
the burden associated with increased commitment.
Table 1: Explanation of the cost effectiveness rating used for each action.
Cost Effectiveness Rating
Description
Less than $99 per metric ton
$100 - $999 per metric ton
$1,000 or more dollars per metric ton
Understanding Your Climate Action Plan
19
The following is a summary of the different sections within the tables that present each action, with
examples that reference the action table example given below.
Activity Label
Proposed Activity
Emissions Savings
Cost Effectiveness
Rating
Potential Lead and
Partner Agencies
Suggested
Implementation Steps
Target
Incremental Upfront
Cost
Incremental Cost
Payback
Burden of Cost
Label has letter and number format for easy reference
Example Action
Total metric tons (MT) of CO2e reduced if action target is met.
The first agency or group is the suggested lead and is underlined.
Additional agencies groups are suggested partners that the lead can turn
to for support. The agencies listed have not given approval of partnership
and are provided only to help guide the implementation of the action.
These are suggestions of possible first steps that the lead agency or
group can take to begin implementation.
The objective of the action.
This is the estimated cost associated with the difference between
investing in this action and not investing in this action. For example, the
incremental cost of purchasing a hybrid vehicle is the additional retail cost
compared with an average traditional vehicle. Cost is per target unit, such
as per home, through 2050. Cost does not factor in a discount rate, but
does include the estimated replacement costs using average equipment
lifespan if applicable.
The estimated time it will take for the incremental cost to be recovered by
the savings, if any, from reduced energy consumption.
The group or agency that will likely bare the majority of the cost of
implementation.
Finally, each action has an estimated emissions reduction associated with it. These are intended to
be used to gauge the relative effectiveness of actions as well as for tracking purposes and funding
applications. Emissions estimates were calculated primarily using two different tools:


Climate and Air Pollution Planning Assistant (CAPPA) tool, version 1.5, developed by ICLEI
(founded in 1990 as the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives).
Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures, August 2010; a report developed by the
California Air Pollution Control Officers Association (CAPCOA).
Detailed explanations of the methods used to calculate the emissions reduction and cost impact
associated with actions are provided in Appendix A:.
Understanding Your Climate Action Plan
20
Label
Example Action
This is an example action. A brief explanation of the action is provided here.
Potential Lead and Partner
Suggested First Implementation Steps
Agencies
1. Step 1
 Lead Agency
2. Step 2
 Partner Agency 1
3. Step 3
 Partner Agency 2
4. ...
 Partner Agency 3
Incremental Upfront Cost
Incremental Cost Payback
Estimated incremental cost
compared with businessas-usual or doing nothing.
Estimated simple payback associated with the
incremental upfront cost.
#
MT CO2e
Target
Target, such as
number of homes
Burden of Cost
Predicted groups
that will likely bear
the majority of
cost and/or effort
4.1 The Estimated Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Potential of
Your Climate Action Plan
A primary focus of this Plan is to reduce and/or offset the greenhouse gas emissions from HVHA
business activities and residents. It is important to understand that an estimated 53% of total
emissions are offset by this Climate Action Plan. The remaining emissions must be offset through
carbon sequestration projects, the generation of Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) through utilityscale electricity generation, or other potential avenues not explored here.
The following table summarizes all actions proposed in this Climate Action Plan. Actions are color
coded associated with the organization or group that is most responsible for their implementation.
This same color coding is used in Table 4 and in Sections 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Action labels were
chosen to indicate the responsible group and stand for the following:




HA#: Housing Authority
C#: Tribal Community
R#: Hoopa Valley Housing Authority Residents
O#: Offset Actions
Understanding Your Climate Action Plan
21
Table 2: Table summarizing the actions in this Plan.
Section 9
Offsets
Section 8
HVHA
Residents
Section 7
Tribal Community
Sections 5 and 6
Hoopa Valley Housing Authority
Action
Label
Action Description
Emissions Reduction
Potential (MT CO2e)
HA1
Create a Climate Action Plan Director Position
?
HA2
Upgrade Office Lights and Appliances and Outside Lights
3
HA3
Install Heat Pumps in Offices
HA4
Upgrade Lights and Appliances in Homes
140
HA5
Implement Weatherization Projects on Homes
23
HA6
Install Heat Pumps in Homes
HA7
Organizational Energy Efficiency Campaign
HA8
"One Stop" Resident Energy Information Source
100
HA9
Solar Electric Systems on Homes
450
1 to 2
-32 to 71
2
HA10 Solar Thermal Hot Water Systems on Homes
170
HA11 Solar Electric System on HVHA Offices
16
HA12 Solar Thermal Hot Water System on Offices
1
HA13 Replace Two GSA Vehicles with Electric Vehicles
7
HA14 Employee Commute Campaign
3
HA15 Replace Remaining HVHA Fleet Vehicles with Biodiesel
29
C1
Community Development Master Plan
80
C2
Tribal Building Code
25 - 65
C3
Community Choice Aggregation Program
0 to 500
C4
Improve Public Transportation
C5
Support Northwest Alternative Fuels Readiness Plan
C6
Federal Policy Engagement
?
R1
Community Climate Action Group
?
R2
Community Gardens
?
R3
PG&E Green Option Program
0 to 500
O1
Upgrade The Other Half of Existing Homes
0 to 500
O2
Utility Scale Electricity Production
0 to 2,300
O3
Carbon Sequestration Project
0 to 2,300
18
0 to 960
The following graphs summarize the actions in this document and their emissions reduction
potential. Figure 11 shows the percentage of forecasted 2050 greenhouse gas emissions that are
mitigated by the actions in this Plan, and the remaining emissions that must be offset through carbon
offset projects such as actions O2, and O3.
Understanding Your Climate Action Plan
22
Remaining
Community
Emissions That
Need to be Offset
47%
CAP Reductions
to Community
Emissions
52%
CAP Reductions
to HVHA Business
Emissions
1%
Figure 11: Total forecasted business-as-usual emissions for 2050 are represented as the total pie. The
fraction that are reduced from the actions within this plan are shown along with the remaining amount that
must be addressed through additional actions not included in this Plan and/or emissions offset projects
such as the sale of RECs from a utility-scale renewable energy facility or carbon sequestration projects.
Figure 12 below shows the forecasted emissions from HVHA business activities through 2050 along
with the emissions reduction potential of all actions within this Plan that impact business activities.
Understanding Your Climate Action Plan
23
90
80
70
CAP Actions
60
50
40
Utility-Scale Electricity
Generation and/or
Carbon Sequestration
Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent
100
30
20
10
0
Employee Commute
Electricity
Propane
Water Consumption
Vehicle Fleet
Septic
Solid Waste
With CAP Actions
Figure 12 Colored areas represent the forecasted greenhouse gas emissions for HVHA business activities
through 2050. The green line represents the emissions reduction potential from all activities in this Plan that
impact emissions from HVHA business activities.
Forecasted emissions take into account two State policies that will impact the HVHA. These are the
Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) that require PG&E to provide 33% of electricity from
renewable sources, and the Pavley Standard which imposes reductions on vehicle emissions. RPS
regulations are applied to forecasted electricity emissions through 2020 after which State policy is
assumed to be unknown. Forecasted Pavley Standards are applied through 2050.
The steep drop in 2015 emissions from HVHA business activities is associated with the electricity
offset from the solar carport project at the HVHA main office. All remaining actions in this Plan are
linearly applied through 2050. This assumes that all actions will be completed by 2050, and that all
actions that require continued funding in order to be successful receive that funding.
The forecasted emissions from HVHA resident activities through 2050 along with the emissions
reduction potential of all actions within this Plan that impact their activities are shown in Figure 13
below.
Understanding Your Climate Action Plan
24
6,000
5,000
Emissions
offset by CAP
Actions
4,000
3,000
Emissions to be offset
by Utility-Scale Electricity
Generation and/or
Carbon Sequestration
2,000
1,000
0
Transportation
Electricity
Propane
Firewood
Water Consumption
Septic
Solid Waste
With CAP Actions
Figure 13: Colored background wedges are the forecasted greenhouse gas emissions for HVHA residents
through 2050 if no actions are taken and houses are built business-as-usual. The black line represents the
sum total of all the emissions from the different emissions sectors. The green line represents the expected
emissions if all actions in this plan are implemented. The blue line represents the goal of the HVHA.
The same forecast method was applied to HVHA resident emissions. Growth from 2015 through
2020 accounts for the housing projects that are currently planned. Future projects assume a total of
150 homes are built between 2015 and 2050, including the homes currently planned. State
renewable electricity policies are applied as in the previous figure through 2020 after which policies
are unknown. Expected reductions in the carbon intensity of the on-road vehicle fleet are also
applied through 2050.
This graph also shows the remaining community emissions that must be offset through other
projects if the ultimate goal of zero emissions is to be accomplished.
Understanding Your Climate Action Plan
25
Understanding Your Climate Action Plan
26
Understanding Your Climate Action Plan
27
Understanding Your Climate Action Plan
28
5 Implementing Your Climate Action Plan
The first step in implementing this action plan is to commit to it. Once committed, the next step is to
coordinate with other Departments within the Tribe and/or other Tribes to establish a staff position
that will coordinate and oversee the implementation of this Plan. This staff person will then begin the
search for and secure funding for those actions that require it.
Starting these first three steps early will help accelerate those projects that the Housing Authority,
Residents, or Hoopa Modular are interested in pursuing. Furthermore, since many actions are
continuous, it is important to maintain the staff position and the search for funding sources. Work
with partner agencies listed for each action to help with this process, as well as other Tribes, local
agencies, and non-profits.
A high level timeline is provided below which outlines the climate action plan process over the next
ten years to help facilitate continued and long term success. This timeline defines the overall
activities that this staff person would be doing over the next ten years. This timeline can be revised
based on the experience developed during implementation of this plan.
Table 3: High level timeline of all actions needed to successfully achieve significant and lasting reductions of
the greenhouse gas emissions from the Hoopa Valley Housing Authority and residents.
Commit to CAP
Update CAP
CAP Director
Seek Funding
Implement
Monitor Success
Update GHG Inventory
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Implementation of this Climate Action Plan requires coordination and planning. It is likely not feasible
that all actions within this Plan could be started in the same year as the staff time and funding
required is significant. Careful planning and prioritizing of actions is a key first step when
implementing this plan. To aid this process, a suggested timeline of implementation is given table on
the following page. Actions are listed by their label in the order that they appear in this document.
The order of the proposed timeline:





prioritizes energy efficiency and retrofits over alternative energy projects,
encourages prioritization of education campaigns to facilitate community support,
emphasizes the importance of a Community Master Plan and Building Code,
recommends delaying most transportation actions until alternative fuel technologies and
policies mature and alternative fuels become more readily available in the area,
and imposes an overall sense of urgency by having all actions started by 2025.
Implementing Your Climate Action Plan
29
Implementing Your Climate Action Plan
2050
2035
2034
2033
2032
2031
2030
2029
2028
2027
2026
2025
2024
2023
2022
New Homes
2021
New Homes
2020
Existing Homes
Existing Homes
2019
2018
2017
2016
HA1
HA2
HA3
HA4
HA5
HA6
HA7
HA8
HA9
HA10
HA11
HA12
HA13
HA14
HA15
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
R1
R2
R3
O1
O2
O3
2015
Offsets
Resident
Tribal Actions
Hoopa Valley Housing Authority Actions
Table 4: Suggested implementation timeline for the actions in this Plan.
30
5.1 Create a Dedicated Climate Action Plan Director Position
Successful implementation of your Climate Action Plan will be greatly improved if there is a person
or group of people dedicated to overseeing and implementing your Plan. Therefore this is called out
as a separate section and action. Included in this section is information for the Director to help them
get started on collaborating, funding actions, tracking action success, and updating your greenhouse
gas inventory and Climate Action Plan.
HA1 Climate Action Plan Director
?
MT CO2e
The goal is for the Housing Authority to begin the process of establishing a Climate Action Plan
director position. This staff position could be with the HVHA, in a different department within the
Hoopa Tribe such as Natural Resources, or a collaborative position that is shared across different
Tribes who are engaged in similar efforts.
Potential Lead and
Suggested First Implementation Steps
Target
Partner Agencies
1. Engage with relevant Hoopa Tribe departments
 HVHA
to collaborate on the best approach to this
Creation of a
 Other Hoopa Tribe
action.
permanent staff
agencies
2. If appropriate, reach out to other Tribes to
position that will
 Other regional
gauge interest in the potential of sharing the
coordinate and
Tribes
cost of this staff position.
implement you Climate
3. Begin the process of finding funding for this
Action Plan
position.
Incremental Upfront
Incremental Cost Payback
Burden of Cost
Cost
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Possible Resources
Other local Tribes, such as Yurok and Blue Lake, have been successfully implementing climaterelated actions in recent years. These Tribes are probably the best local resource on ways to secure
funding, estimates on costs, etc.
Possible Funding Resources
Unknown
Potential Implementation Barriers
The two largest barriers are likely prioritization of this action and securing funding for this position. If
this action is given significant prioritization, funding will be easier to find.
5.1.1 Organizations for Collaboration
There are numerous organizations and collaborative groups that are working to push forward climate
action and adaptation. The following is a list of some notable groups, although by no means
comprehensive:
Implementing Your Climate Action Plan
31










Local Tribes
National Congress of American Indians (NCAI)
Council of Energy Resource Tribes (CERT)
Institute for Tribal and Environmental
Professionals (ITEP)
University of Oregon Tribal Climate Change
Project (TCCP)
Northwest Indian Applied Research Institute
(NIARI)
Northern California Tribal Court Coalition
(NCTCC)
National Indian Justice Center: Western Tribal
Technical Assistance Program (TTAP)
Sustainable Native Communities Collaborative
Inter-Tribal Environmental Council (ITEC)
Implementation of actions requires
upfront planning. Use the agencies,
organizations, and community groups
listed for each action to identify and
assign a manager for each action.
Reach out to community partners to
garner assistance and support. Seek
commitment from partners and
provide deadlines for deliverables.
Use the suggested timelines for each
group of actions as a starting point for
planning out what is needed to
implement each action successfully.
5.1.2 Potential Funding Sources
Funding sources that envision the same goals as the Hoopa Tribe will be critical if the local voice
and culture will be allowed to guide the forward movement of the actions in this plan.
5.1.2.1







Traditional Funding Sources
Local Hoopa Tribe programs that can generate income
Collaborate with multiple local Tribes to develop a local project fund
Interest-bearing loans
Power purchase agreements
Seed fund created from the savings associated with the actions in this plan
Equipment leasing programs
Tribal Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) Program
5.1.2.2 Grant Funding Sources:
There are a few local grant funding institutions which include:



Seventh Generation Fund for Indigenous Peoples, Inc.
Humboldt Area Foundation (HAF)
Mel and Grace McLean Foundation
There are also numerous Federal and State funding sources, including:

Federal Funding Resources
o Grants.gov: covers all federal entities such as DOE, USDA, HUD, USEPA, BOR, etc.
o Administration for Native Americans - Western Region
o Indian Community Development Block Grant
o Tribes and Climate Change Funding List:
 http://www4.nau.edu/tribalclimatechange/resources/res_funding.asp
o Western Tribal Transportation Training and Technical Assistance Program:
 http://www.nijc.org/ttap.html
Implementing Your Climate Action Plan
32

State Funding Resources
o California Strategic Growth Council
o Cool California Funding Wizard
o California Natural Resources Agency
o California Public Utilities Commission
o GRID Alternatives which implements the State’s Single-Family Access to Solar Homes
(SASH) Program
5.1.2.3 Non-Traditional Funding Sources
Some more creative funding sources include:



Social and Environmental Entrepreneurs (SEE)
Crowd-source funding programs that raise funding through the community
Collaborate with a wider network of likeminded organizations to collaboratively develop a
funding source
5.1.3 Assessing the Results of Actions
Determining the success of actions and the lessons learned from implementation can be one of the
most difficult parts of a Climate Action Plan. But it's also an important one. Identifying the impact that
actions have had on the community is a critical component to:




bolstering community engagement,
making future funding applications really shine,
improving on implemented actions,
informing future greenhouse gas emissions inventories and climate action plans.
There are three primary methods of documenting the success of actions, all of which are important:



estimate the emissions reductions and/or energy saved, such as electricity or gasoline,
document or estimate the actual changes associated with those actions, such as the number
of bike racks installed, the amount of light bulbs installed, or the number of community
events held,
document or estimate the amount of money saved, such as reduced utility bills.
Furthermore, there are additional less tangible yet just as important indicators that are useful to keep
track of. Examples include the level of community awareness regarding recycling or the perceived
livability and attractiveness of housing communities. This input
can be received from a survey or local gossip. No matter the
Assign the manager or lead
source, they are all important observations and it is worth
agency of an action the task
documenting this type of community impact.
of documenting the success
5.1.4 Updating Your Greenhouse Gas Inventory and
Climate Action Plan
Your greenhouse gas emissions inventory:

is an officially recognized method of tracking the climate
impact of your community,
Implementing Your Climate Action Plan
of that action. Identify an
HVHA staff member who will
receive and store this
information since community
member involvement is a
fluid process and documents
can easily become lost.
33


can serve as an important document for tracking environmental impact,
may be required by federal agencies in the future to qualify for funding opportunities
For these reasons, maintaining an updated emissions inventory is important for the Housing
Authority. Furthermore, it is becoming, and will likely continue to be, an important component when
searching for funding to implement these actions.
Updating your Climate Action Plan is also an important part of the process. An update addresses
changes to the:




applicability of actions to your community,
scope of available actions,
estimated greenhouse gas reduction impact of actions,
goals and priorities of the Housing Authority and the Community.
For these reasons it is important that the Housing Authority pursue an updated Climate Action Plan.
It is recommended that an update be completed roughly every five years to evaluate the success of
actions and to update the applicability and timeliness of the Plan. The timeline suggested
recommends the next evaluation occur in 2021.
Implementing Your Climate Action Plan
34
Implementing Your Climate Action Plan
35
Implementing Your Climate Action Plan
36
6 Recommended Actions for the Hoopa Valley Housing
Authority
The following set of actions are those that the Housing Authority can do solely within the department
and the residential complexes it oversees. These actions do not necessarily require collaboration
with other Government departments, although many actions will greatly benefit from collaboration
with the listed potential partner agencies.
Many of the actions listed in this section actually directly reduce the emissions from HVHA residents
rather than from HVHA business activities. In other words, the sum total of the emissions reduction
potential from all actions in this section is greater than the total emissions emitted from HVHA
business activities. However, those actions that impact resident emissions are listed here because
the HVHA will need to initiate and implement the action since they have jurisdictional control over the
residential properties. The emissions reductions impact is, however, reflected in the overall
emissions profile of HVHA residents.
Be aware that incremental cost estimates and payback periods are estimated to be as conservative
as reasonably possible while being based on reputable sources. It is the hope that costs and
payback periods will on average be lower than presented in this Climate Action Plan.
6.1 Retrofits to HVHA Office Buildings
This is a set of actions that explore the potential impact of various retrofits to the HVHA offices.
6.1.1 Upgrade Lights and Appliances in Offices and Exterior Lighting
This action replaces appliances and lights in the two HVHA offices.
HA2
Upgrade Lights and Appliances in Offices
3
MT CO2e
Implement a campaign to upgrade all lighting and appliances in HVHA offices and exterior lighting in
housing villages as well. While this action is relatively expensive for the amount of emissions
reduced, the payback for this action is relatively short.
Potential Lead and Partner
Suggested First Implementation Steps
Target
Agencies
1. Develop a list of implementers and
 HVHA
rebate sources and the application
 RCEA
process required for each of them
 Local contractors
All HVHA Offices
2. Design implementation model and
 PG&E
assign HVHA employees to the
project.
Incremental Upfront Cost
Incremental Cost Payback
Burden of Cost
Faucet Aerator $1 each
Faucet Aerator < 1 year
Refrigerator $90 each
Refrigerator < 1 year
Dishwasher $10 each
Dishwasher < 1 year
HVHA
Indoor Lights $1,000 retrofit
Indoor Lights 2 years
Outdoor Lights $5,000 retrofit
Outdoor Lights 3 years
Possible Resources
Good resources for the replacement of appliances and components are:
 Redwood Coast Energy Authority
 PG&E rebates and services
Recommended Actions for the Hoopa Valley Housing Authority
37
Possible Funding Resources
It is likely that the HVHA will need to fund this on their own. However, the payback shows this to be a
good investment.
Potential Implementation Barriers
Finding the money and staff time will be the largest barrier to successful implementation.
6.1.2 Install a Geothermal or Air Source Heat Pump in Main Office
This action explores the impact of installing a heat pump for office heating rather than using propane
heating. This is likely the largest single action that can reduce propane consumption since the
majority of propane is used for space heating. While the economic and emissions payback is high,
the primary benefit is the ability to heat the office with a renewable energy source and reduce
dependence on propane. Note that while this decreases propane consumption, it increase electricity
consumption.
HA3
Install a Heat Pump in Main Office
This action installs one geothermal heat pump for the main office.
Potential Lead and Partner
Suggested First Implementation Steps
Agencies
1. Develop a list of implementers and
 HVHA
rebate sources and the application
 TVCE
process required for each of them
 ME&E
2.
Design implementation model and
 Local contractors
assign HVHA employees to the
 RCEA
project.
Incremental Upfront Cost
Incremental Cost Payback
$144,000
34 years
1-2
MT CO2e
Target
Replace space heating
system in main office
with a geothermal heat
pump.
Burden of Cost
HVHA
Possible Resources
Good resources for information on heat pumps is the Redwood Coast Energy Authority
Possible Funding Resources
It is likely that the HVHA will need to fund this on their own.
Potential Implementation Barriers
Finding the money and staff time will be the largest barrier to successful implementation.
6.2 Retrofits to Existing Homes
These actions explore the potential impact of various retrofits to half of the existing homes that are
currently owned by the Housing Authority.
6.2.1 Upgrade Lights and Appliances in Homes
Upgrading the lighting and appliances in homes is often the most cost effective and easiest first step
to reducing overall home energy consumption. This action looks at the potential impact of upgrading
the lighting and appliances of 145 existing homes. Cost and emissions reductions can be doubled if
all 290 existing homes are upgraded. It is assumed that all new homes constructed will have efficient
lighting and appliances.
Recommended Actions for the Hoopa Valley Housing Authority
38
This action assumes that 145 water heaters are upgraded to very efficient models. Action HA10
assumes that water heaters in 145 homes are supplemented with solar water heating. Both of these
actions are included with the assumption that it ends up being cost effective to install solar water
heating only on a subset of homes. If this is not the case, it is encouraged that solar hot water be
considered over a more efficient water heater as the emissions reductions are greater, and
dependence on propane and electricity is reduced. The emissions reduction from an efficient water
heater is 0.65 MT CO2e per water heater per year while the emissions reductions from a solar water
heater that offsets 67% of hot water demand is 3.8 MT CO2e per household per year.
The cost per emissions reduced for most appliances is low to medium, with clothes dryers being a
high cost. Another option for reducing emissions and saving residents money is to facilitate line
drying clothes by installing clothes lines outside for residents to use. If residents end up line drying
clothes a fair amount, this a is a more cost effective way of reducing the same amount of energy
compared with purchasing a more efficient clothes dryer.
This action should be integrated into action HA8 to facilitate engagement and support of residents.
Recommending behaviors such as turning off lights, choosing to use cold water rather than hot
water, and line drying clothes can help ensure that the emissions reductions from this action are
realized.
HA4
Upgrade Lights and Appliances in Homes
140
MT CO2e
Assist households in purchasing and installing more efficient appliances, light bulbs, etc. in order to
reduce electricity and propane consumption. This action assumes only lights and appliances in
homes existing as of 2013
Potential Lead and Partner
Suggested First Implementation Steps
Target
Agencies
1. Develop a list of implementers and
 HVHA
rebate sources and the application
 RCEA
process required for each of them
 RCAA
2.
Develop a "one-stop" application for
145 existing homes
 PG&E
residents
(see
action
HA2)
 ME&E
3. Design implementation model and
 Local contractors
assign HVHA employees to the project.
Incremental Upfront Cost
Incremental Cost Payback
Burden of Cost
Faucet Aerator $1 each
Faucet Aerator < 1 year
Showerhead $10 each
Showerhead < 1 year
Refrigerator $40 each
Refrigerator < 1 year
Residents
Dishwasher $10 each
Dishwasher < 1 year
and/or
LEDs and CFLs $0 - $5 each
LED and CFL < 1 year
HVHA
Water Heater $1,000 each
Water Heater 10 years
Clothes Washer $50 each
Clothes Washer 12 years
Clothes Dryer $0 each
Clothes Dryer < 1 year
Possible Resources
Good resources for the replacement of appliances and components are:
 Redwood Coast Energy Authority
 Redwood Community Action Agency
 Energy Upgrade California
 PG&E rebates and services
Recommended Actions for the Hoopa Valley Housing Authority
39
Possible Funding Resources
It is likely that the HVHA will need to fund the purchase of more efficient appliances. Purchasing
more efficient appliances can occur during replacement such that the cost is really the incremental
cost which is low for most purchases except the water heater. Note that many of these items can be
provided by RCEA at a reduced subsidized cost.
Potential Implementation Barriers
Employee time needed to implement this action, as well as the participation of residents, are
expected to be the largest barrier. Cost is minimal except in the case of high efficiency water
heaters.
6.2.2 Weatherization
This action is intended to reduce the energy costs of existing homes by sealing cracks, upgrading
windows and increasing insulation. Half of existing homes (145) are assumed to receive
weatherization upgrades.
HA5 Weatherization of Existing Homes
23
MT CO2e
This action estimates the impact associated with potential weatherization improvements to 145
existing homes. This action assumes there are weatherization improvements that can be made to
existing homes. Weatherization actions include upgrading windows, improving insulation, and
identifying and sealing air drafts a leaks. There are professional contractors that have equipment
needed to effectively diagnose weatherization opportunities in homes.
Potential Lead and
Suggested First Implementation Steps
Target
Partner Agencies
1. Identify an HVHA employee to own this project.
 HVHA
2. Request a bid from contractors to diagnose
 RCEA
weatherization opportunities.
145 existing homes
 RCAA
3.
Follow
up
with
contractor
recommendations
 ME&E
 Local contractors
Incremental Upfront
Incremental Cost Payback
Burden of Cost
Cost
15 years
$3,000 per home
Cost born by HVHA, savings from reduced energy
HVHA
cost realized by residents.
Possible Resources
Redwood Coast Energy Authority works with the Energy Upgrade California (EUC) program. This
program provides rebates for home upgrade projects. RCEA can provide information on
weatherization programs and on local contractors. Redwood Community Action Agency also does
weatherization work for low income households. They are also a good resource of information.
Possible Funding Resources
HVHA may need to fund a fair portion of this. However, residents may be eligible for EUC rebates.
There may also be funding available from other sources that the HVHA has access to.
Potential Implementation Barriers
Resident cooperation and availability is likely the biggest challenge to implementation since
weatherization project often require significant construction which may displace some residents for a
short amount of time.
Recommended Actions for the Hoopa Valley Housing Authority
40
6.2.3 Install Geothermal or Air Source Heat Pumps in Homes
This action explores the possibility of installing geothermal or air source heat pumps as a home's
main source of heat. This action proposes replacing fireplaces in existing homes, and choosing to
install heat pumps instead of fireplaces in future homes. Geothermal heat pumps use the warmth of
the earth to supply heat for the home while air source heat pumps pull heat in from the surrounding
air.
Because heat pumps use electricity to run, this provides the opportunity to switch fuels which can
result in both
 reduced smoke and particulates from fireplaces which improves air quality,
 ability to heat homes using locally produced electricity,
 reduces logging of local forests for firewood.
HA6 Install Heat Pumps in Homes
-32 to 71
MT CO2e
This action explores the impact from installing heat pumps in half of existing homes to replace
fireplaces as the source of heat. While heat pumps eliminate firewood use, they also increase
electricity consumption.
The primary benefit from using a heat pump, aside from providing a more efficient heat source, is
that heat pumps can be run on renewable electricity which completely eliminates emissions from
space heating. If heat pumps are run using PG&E power, than emissions actually increase
compared with using firewood for space heating.
Potential Lead and
Suggested First Implementation Steps
Target
Partner Agencies
1. Identify an HVHA employee to own this
 HVHA
project.
 TVCE
2.
Request a bid from contractors to diagnose
145 existing homes
 ME&E
weatherization opportunities.
 Local contractors
3. Follow up with contractor recommendations
 RCEA
Incremental Upfront
Incremental Cost Payback
Burden of Cost
Cost
>30 years
$7,000 Cost born by HVHA, savings from reduced
HVHA
$12,000 per home
energy cost realized by residents.
Possible Resources
There are local contractors that have experience installing heat pumps. They will be a valuable
source of information. RCEA also has recently gained experience with heat pumps, including their
benefits and drawbacks. They are also a great resource of information.
Possible Funding Resources
The HVHA may need to fund this on their own.
Potential Implementation Barriers
Cost is likely the main barrier. Also, resident opposition to removing fireplaces as a heat source may
occur as many people prefer wood heat. Finally, wood is considered a renewable resource for the
tribe. A choice will need to be made on whether the small amount of greenhouse gas and particulate
emissions are acceptable, or if emissions reductions and air quality are a higher priority.
Recommended Actions for the Hoopa Valley Housing Authority
41
6.3 Organizational Energy Efficiency Education Campaign
This action encourages the HVHA to create an ongoing education campaign to encourage energy
efficiency and awareness within the department.
HA7 Department Energy Efficiency Education Campaign
2
MT CO2e
The goal is for the Housing Authority to develop and implement an employee education campaign to
help reduce energy use by employees. This can be implemented through games or competitions to
make it fun and engaging for employees.
Potential Lead and
Suggested First Implementation Steps
Target
Partner Agencies
1. Establish a group of two or three HVHA
 HVHA
employees that are responsible for overseeing
 RCEA
the campaign.
2. Have this group create a campaign game plan
Creation of an ongoing
3. Create internal incentives to encourage that this education campaign for
group stays active.
the department
4. Have this group engage in one activity per
month that promotes energy efficiency and
awareness within the department.
Incremental Upfront
Incremental Cost Payback
Burden of Cost
Cost
$500 annually
0.6 years
HVHA
Possible Resources
 The employee commute survey completed for the greenhouse gas emissions inventory. This
provides insight into the commute needs of HVHA employees.
 Redwood Coast Energy Authority which can help you conduct an audit of energy saving
opportunities in HVHA offices.
 Energy awareness monthly theme posters: http://oa.mo.gov/facilities/bright-ideas-teambit/energy-awareness-campaign-articles-and-posters
Possible Funding Resources
Funding will likely have to come from HVHA. However, if a 10% reduction in electricity and propane
consumption is achieved, this will save roughly $1,400 per year which can justify the expense.
Potential Implementation Barriers
 Finding staff time
 Convincing management to make the initial investment needed to get the program moving
 Getting the program developed and off the ground
6.4 Develop a "One-Stop" Energy Information Source for all Tribal
Residents
This action recognizes the important role that the Housing Authority can play in the community by
establishing a "one-stop" source of all information related to home energy retrofits. This can serve as
a community resource for all Tribal residents, not just residents HVHA housing complexes.
Information and guidance provided can relate to:

guides for completing home energy upgrades such as a step-by-step guide,
Recommended Actions for the Hoopa Valley Housing Authority
42


different funding and rebate sources,
information on local contractors who can perform the work.
This can be modeled after local programs such as Redwood Coast Energy Authority program and
Redwood Community Action Agency. Total nominal cost through 2050 is estimated to be $500,000
assuming the housing development growth described in Appendix A:. Payback is estimated to be
less than a year, although costs are assumed by HVHA while savings are realized by the residents.
HA8 Develop a "One-Stop" Energy Information Source
100
MT CO2e
The goal of this action is to provide a "one-stop" community resource for step-by-step guides,
available incentives, and additional information to help facilitate the community in reducing their
energy consumption and installing renewable energy. Furthermore, this action requires continued
promotion and education, including annual or semiannual promotion events and basic energy
efficiency trainings for new rental tenants.
Potential Lead and
Suggested First Implementation Steps
Target
Partner Agencies
1. Develop information collateral for distribution
 HVHA
2. Actively promote and distribute information and collateral
 RCAA
on an annual or semiannual basis
All homes and
 RCEA
3. Create a home walk through training for new rental
new tenants
tenants that educates them about energy efficiency and
conscious use of energy.
Incremental Upfront
Incremental Cost Payback
Burden of Cost
Cost
1/3 years
$50 per home per
Cost born by HVHA, savings from reduced energy cost
HVHA
year
realized by residents.
Possible Resources
Redwood Community Action Agency and Redwood Coast Energy Authority have many materials
and handouts that can be used to provide information to residents. Both agencies also conduct
home energy audits and can provide information and training to HVHA employees regarding
educating new tenants.
Possible Funding Resources
Funding will likely have to come from HVHA. This action assumes a 10% electricity and natural gas
savings which results in an estimated $300 in reduced utility costs per home per year. This may
justify the expense born by the Housing Authority.
Potential Implementation Barriers
 Finding staff time
 Convincing management to make the initial investment needed to get the program moving
 Getting the program developed and off the ground
Creating an effective campaign that is successful in empowering residents to permanently reduce
their energy consumption
6.5 Developing Small Scale Distributed Alternative Energy
Options for producing power locally at a small scale, and purchasing green power through the grid.
Recommended Actions for the Hoopa Valley Housing Authority
43
6.5.1 Solar Electric Systems Installed on New and Existing Homes
This option explores the potential emissions reductions from offsetting residential electricity
consumption with locally installed solar.
This action assumes that half of existing homes (145) offset half of their electricity use after all other
actions are completed that reduce electricity use. It also assumes that all new homes constructed
through 2050 (150) offset 100% of electricity use assuming they consume 25% less electricity under
a green building code (action C1).
HA9
Offset Home Electricity with Solar
450
MT CO2e
This action quantifies the emissions reductions from offsetting electricity consumption from existing
and new homes with solar. System size and cost estimates assume $5.50 per W, 4.4 peak sun
hours per day, and 73% system efficiency.
Potential Lead and Partner
Suggested First Implementation Steps
Target
Agencies
1. Follow the same implementation process
 HVHA
50% offset of 145
used for the solar carport project.
 TVCE
existing homes
2. Work with Hoopa Modular regarding
 ME&E
and 100% offset of
incorporating solar electric systems into
 GRID Alternatives
150 new homes
the design of manufactured homes.
Incremental Upfront Cost
Incremental Cost Payback
Burden of Cost
Average $41,500 per home
~25 years
HVHA
Possible Resources
Local solar contractors.
Possible Funding Resources
There may be federal and/or state funding to assist with this. There are also two good state
programs that assist with solar projects for low income residents:


Development of a Tribal Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) program. This allows
home owners to finance a solar project based on an assessment of the property.
GRID Alternatives: this program implements the Single-Family Affordable Solar Homes
Program (SASH)
Potential Implementation Barriers
Some of the potential barriers include:




High upfront cost
Required cleaning and maintenance to keep solar panels operating efficiently
Potential for equipment theft. Preparing for this might increase upfront capital cost from
additional material costs
Required training for all new residents on how to activate their PG&E accounts.
6.5.2 Solar Thermal Hot Water System Installed for New and Existing Homes
This option explores the impact of installing a solar thermal hot water system that covers 67% of hot
water demand from 145 existing homes and all new homes constructed. This action works with
Recommended Actions for the Hoopa Valley Housing Authority
44
action HA6 as all homes would still need a hot water heater to account for the remaining demand.
This could be supplied with a small on-demand water heater.
This action assumes that 145 water heaters are supplemented with solar hot water systems. Action
HA6 assumes that water heaters in 145 homes are replaced with high efficiency water heaters. Both
of these actions are included with the assumption that it ends up being cost effective to install solar
water heating only on a subset of homes. If this is not the case, it is encouraged that solar hot water
be considered over a more efficient water heater as the emissions reductions are greater, and
dependence on propane and electricity is reduced. The emissions reduction from an efficient water
heater is 0.65 MT CO2e per household per year while the emissions reductions from a solar water
heater that offsets 67% of hot water demand is 3.8 MT CO2e per household per year.
Note that it may be the case that 100% of hot water demand could be met by solar. If this is an
option it is recommended that it be pursued. However, this action assumes this is intentionally not
done as the potential inconvenience from the chance of losing hot water supply at the household
may not be worth additional emissions and cost savings associated with a pure solar hot water
system. When pursuing this option it is recommended that 100% hot water offset be considered, with
potential emissions offsets increasing to 5.7 MT CO2e per household per year.
HA10
Offset Home Propane Use with Solar Hot Water
170
MT CO2e
This action quantifies the emissions reductions from offsetting 67% of home propane consumption
used for hot water heating. Systems are assumed to be installed in half of existing homes (145) and
all newly constructed homes.
Potential Lead and Partner
Suggested First Implementation Steps
Target
Agencies
1. Follow the same implementation
 HVHA
process used for the solar carport
 TVCE
project.
67% hot water offset for
 ME&E
2.
Work
with
Hoopa
Modular
regarding
145 existing homes and
 Local solar thermal
incorporating
solar
thermal
systems
150 new homes
contractors
into the design of manufactured
homes.
Incremental Upfront Cost
Incremental Cost Payback
Burden of Cost
$6,000
13 years
HVHA
Possible Resources
Local solar thermal installers.
Possible Funding Resources
It is likely that the HVHA will need to fund this on their own. However they may be federal and/or
state funding and incentives for this.
Potential Implementation Barriers
 High upfront cost.
 Required cleaning and maintenance to keep solar thermal panels operating efficiently.
 Potential for equipment theft. Preparing for this might increase upfront capital cost from
additional material costs.
 Required training for all new residents on how to activate their PG&E accounts.
Recommended Actions for the Hoopa Valley Housing Authority
45
6.5.3 Solar Electric System Installed for Business Offices
This option quantifies the impact associated with the solar carport project that is nearly completed.
HA11
Offset Business Electricity with Solar
16
MT CO2e
This action quantifies the emissions reductions from offsetting 100% of office electricity consumption
with solar from the Building Integrated Photovoltaic Carport Facility.
Potential Lead and Partner
Suggested First Implementation Steps
Target
Agencies
1. This action is already completed
 HVHA
100% electricity offset of
the Administrative and
 TVCE
Maintenance
buildings
 ME&E
Incremental Upfront Cost
Incremental Cost Payback
Burden of Cost
$400,000
22 years
HVHA
Possible Resources
No resources needed as this has already been completed.
Possible Funding Resources
Funding already secured.
Potential Implementation Barriers
Already implemented.
6.5.4 Solar Thermal Hot Water System Installed for Business Offices
This option explores the impact of installing a solar thermal hot water system that covers 100% of
estimated hot water usage by HVHA offices.
HA12
Offset Business Propane with Solar Hot Water
1
MT CO2e
This action quantifies the emissions reductions from offsetting 100% of office propane consumption
associated with hot water use.
Potential Lead and Partner
Suggested First Implementation Steps
Target
Agencies
1. Follow the same implementation
Solar thermal hot water
 HVHA
process
used
for
the
solar
carport
systems
for both offices
 TVCE
project.
that
provide
100% of hot
 ME&E
water needs.
Incremental Upfront Cost
Incremental Cost Payback
Burden of Cost
$20,000
15 years
HVHA
Possible Resources
Local solar thermal installers.
Possible Funding Resources
It is likely that the HVHA will need to fund this on their own.
Potential Implementation Barriers
Finding the staff time and funding. Also, potential disruption to business activities will need to be
considered.
Recommended Actions for the Hoopa Valley Housing Authority
46
6.6 Alternative Transportation Options for HVHA Business
Operations
This set of actions looks at potential actions that can be taken to reduce emissions from the HVHA
vehicle fleet. Overall this is a challenging sector to address as there are very few "drop-in" alternative
options for fossil fueled vehicles. Only electric and biodiesel vehicles are recommended as actions
as these are currently the most viable alternatives. However, the on-road vehicle landscape is
changing rapidly in California, and soon ethanol and hydrogen may be viable local options.
The emissions associated with alternative fuel vehicles can be challenging. Electric vehicles are
significantly lower. Hydrogen is also low, but the degree to which it is lower depends heavily on the
source of hydrogen. Emissions from ethanol also depends heavily on the source of the ethanol, and
per mile is currently considered by the DOE to be higher in emissions for an E85 vehicle2. Ethanol
also has the drawback of tailpipe emissions. Finally, biodiesel has similar caveats as ethanol except
that the emissions reductions from biodiesel can be substantial3.
6.6.1 Replace Two GSA Vehicles with Electric Vehicles
Federal GSA rates for 2015 list electric vehicles as an option. The following action looks at the
impact of replacing two vehicles with electric vehicles. It is not realistic to replace all vehicles with
electric vehicles as the limited range of electric vehicles is likely not a good fit for most driving needs.
HA13
Replace Two HVHA Fleet Vehicles with Electric
7
MT CO2e
This action quantifies the emissions reductions from offsetting gasoline consumption from the
Hyundai Sonata and the Jeep Liberty. These vehicles are replaced with two all electric sedans. The
monthly and per-mile rates advertised by the Federal GSA indicate that electric vehicles are much
less expensive to lease. In addition, the cost for electricity is much lower than the cost of fuel.
Potential Lead and Partner
Suggested First Implementation Steps
Target
Agencies
1. During the next contract cycle with
 HVHA
the GSA, look into replacing two
 GSA
vehicles with electric vehicles.
Two electric vehicles
 RCEA
2. Work with RCEA to get electric
 ME&E
vehicle charging stations installed.
Incremental Upfront Cost
Incremental Cost Payback
Burden of Cost
-$250,000
< 1 year
HVHA
Possible Resources
The GSA will be the best resource for information on leasing electric vehicles. Regarding installing
charging stations, contact RCEA as they are currently owning and operating a vehicle charging
network and get the HVHA started.
Possible Funding Resources
It is likely that the HVHA will need to fund this on their own charging stations. The lease and fuel
costs of the electric vehicles are expected to be less than conventional gasoline vehicles.
2
3
Source: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/flexible_fuel_emissions.html
Source: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/diesels_emissions.html
Recommended Actions for the Hoopa Valley Housing Authority
47
Potential Implementation Barriers



Getting the electric vehicles to the reservation may be a challenge and require a fair amount
of staff time.
Training employees on the use and limitations of electric vehicles will be required.
Potential issues with cold weather operation since the range of electric vehicles can drop
dramatically
6.6.2 Employee Commute Trip Reduction Campaign
The federal GSA does not list biodiesel vehicles as a lease option. It is not likely an option to obtain
lease vehicles that can run on 100% biodiesel. While biodiesel will likely need to be purchased from
a supplier, it is possible to produce biodiesel from waste oils and biomass waste.
HA14
Employee Commute Trip Reduction
3
MT CO2e
This action quantifies the emissions reductions from encouraging employees that live in Hoopa to
carpool regularly. Eight of the thirteen HVHA employees live less than 10 miles from the HVHA
offices which is an ideal situation for carpooling opportunities. If the total number of trips taken by
those eight employees is reduced by half, employees will collectively save roughly $1,300 per year
in fuel.
Potential Lead and Partner
Suggested First Implementation Steps
Target
Agencies
1. Identify a small group of employees
 HVHA
that will take charge of the employee
commute carpool program
Reduce by half the
2. Have this group organize schedules
number of commute
and pair potential carpoolers
trips taken by
together
employees who live
3. Identify incentives (bonuses, gift
within 10 miles of HVHA
certificates, etc.) to help encourage
offices
participation
4. Consider competition to engage
employees and make it fun
Incremental Upfront Cost
Incremental Cost Payback
Burden of Cost
Cost of incentives + program
Immediate savings to employees from
implementation and
HVHA
reduced fuel costs
maintenance
Possible Resources
The employee commute survey taken provides excellent insight into the opportunity and barriers
associated with commute trip reduction.
Possible Funding Resources
This may need to be funded by the HVHA.
Potential Implementation Barriers
Lack of participation is probably the largest barrier. Some issue that can contribute to this are
 Fear of lack of transportation in case of an emergency
o For employees who live in Hoopa, the HVHA could make available two neighborhood
electric vehicles that are available to employees in case of an emergency. This would
Recommended Actions for the Hoopa Valley Housing Authority
48


allow them to get home and access their vehicle if needed. These vehicles could be
charged using the solar array installed such that their associated emissions are near
zero.
Employee schedules that do not align
With most employees living less than 10 miles from work, this should not be a significant
barrier.
6.6.3 Replace Remaining Fleet Vehicles with Biodiesel Vehicles
The federal GSA does not list biodiesel vehicles as a lease option. It is not likely an option to obtain
lease vehicles that can run on 100% biodiesel. While biodiesel will likely need to be purchased from
a supplier, it is possible to produce biodiesel from waste oils and biomass waste.
Biodiesel was chosen from other alternative fuel options because, at this time, this is the most viable
option for a zero emissions vehicle that can meet the needs of the HVHA maintenance crew.
Vehicles that run on 100% ethanol are also an option. However, there is no local supplier that is
currently offering pure ethanol as a transportation fuel. In the near future it is expected that
hydrogen, and potentially electricity, will be viable fuels for vehicles that must travel long distances.
HA15
Replace Six HVHA Fleet Vehicles with Biodiesel
29
MT CO2e
This action quantifies the emissions reductions from offsetting gasoline consumption from replacing
the remaining six fleet vehicles with biodiesel vehicles. The emissions offset would be the same for
any zero emissions vehicle, not just biodiesel.
Potential Lead and Partner
Suggested First Implementation Steps
Target
Agencies
1. During the next contract cycle with
 HVHA
the GSA, look into replacing two
 GSA
Six vehicles that can run
vehicles with electric vehicles.
 Local biodiesel distributors
on B100
2. Work with RCEA to get electric
vehicle charging stations installed.
Incremental Upfront Cost
Incremental Cost Payback
Burden of Cost
May not pay back due to higher fuel
Unknown
HVHA
cost
Possible Resources
The GSA will be the best resource for information on regarding whether leasing a vehicle for use
with biodiesel is an option. Also, regarding obtaining biodiesel fuel, the following sources may be
able to provide insight:



Renner Petroleum
Simple Fuels
Westgate Petroleum
Furthermore, Blue Lake Rancheria has pursued in detail the option of producing biodiesel on sight to
produce a B20 blend for their existing transit fleet. They may be a good resource for information
regarding biodiesel production opportunities and challenges.
Possible Funding Resources
Biodiesel may be roughly 40% greater than in cost than gasoline. Simple Fuels quotes a price as of
January 2015 of $4.70 per gallon, although the price delivered to Humboldt County is likely higher.
Recommended Actions for the Hoopa Valley Housing Authority
49
Potential Implementation Barriers



Cost of obtaining vehicles that can operate on 100% biodiesel (B100)
Cost of biodiesel fuel.
Potential concerns with cold weather operation since biodiesel can congeal at cold
temperatures. This requires fuel tank heaters during cold weather which is a common feature
on vehicles that run pure biodiesel.
Recommended Actions for the Hoopa Valley Housing Authority
50
Recommended Actions for the Hoopa Valley Housing Authority
51
Recommended Actions for the Hoopa Valley Housing Authority
52
7 Broader Collaborative Planning and Policy Actions
This set of actions address larger more complex
actions that will require engagement and
collaboration with the Tribal Government, other
local Tribes and Governments, and the Federal
Government. These actions are more broad in
scope and have a longer implementation
timeline.
For all of these actions there is a common set of
potential barriers that may need to be
addressed and overcome in order for these
actions to be successful. These are general
challenges associated with the Tribal
Community and Government as a whole. They
are listed here to bring attention to them and call
them out so they can be openly discussed and
addressed. These barriers include:








"Climate change is likely to increase the
amount of storm water during the winter and
spring months, while decreasing storm water
in the summer months. Additionally, heavy
storms are projected to increase in
frequency in most parts of the country. This
may lead to overtaxed storm water
management systems. When developing
and updating master plans, drainage routes
and water storage areas can be designed or
preserved to avoid future flooding and
maximize proper water routing and
infiltration. Ensuring that water infiltrates into
the ground as quickly and as often as
possible
helps
keep
water
tables
replenished, which can better prepare tribes
during the drier months. (Pacific Northwest
Tribal Climate Change Project, 2013)"
Inability to identify an ultimate goal (what
are we truly attempting to accomplish),
Social differences; one fraction of the
population preventing progress for the wrong reasons,
Policy decisions for the wrong reasons (selfish, vindictive, malicious, without a goal),
Lack of adequate resources (manpower, money, property, connections),
"Crab in the bucket" mentality,
Fear of change,
Laziness,
Complacency (ego).
In a presentation given to the Hoopa Tribe in 2010 called Adapting to Climate Change in the Hoopa
Valley4, existing barriers were identified as the following:






Inadequate federal funding and federal inaction,
Surrounding land management practices and uncertainty of decision maker's priorities,
Tribal Council priorities,
Lack of jobs,
Conflicts between economic and cultural values in forest management,
Conflicts between Tribal departments.
4
Presenter is unknown. Presentation retrieved from
http://www.kidefm.org/fileserver/index.php/files/download/pdf/Library/Local%20News%20Archives/Presentation%20o
n%20Climate%20Change
Broader Collaborative Planning and Policy Actions
53
7.1 Community Development Master Plan
The concept behind a community development master plan is to establish housing development
guidelines that encourage sustainable community design to reduce energy consumption, increase
community resiliency, and facilitate the expression of local culture.
A development plan can include many elements of home and community construction that are not
captured in a building code. This action emphasizes adaptation of construction sites and lot design
to account for the expectation of more intense rainfall, longer periods of high heat, higher
temperatures, etc. However, community and cultural priorities should also be included. For example,
a Community Development Master Plan can include guidelines such as:








minimizing use of asphalt,
incorporating "green" water management practices such as water recycling and rain water
collection,
requiring shade trees and/or indigenous plant species,
specifying home orientation to take advantage of passive solar heating and lighting,
facilitating food sovereignty by encouraging home gardens, community gardens, and/or
including community greenhouses in each housing development,
encouraging mixed use communities by incorporating local businesses into housing
developments,
including parks, outdoor fitness courses, and trails that encourage health and fitness,
integrating community centers, classrooms, or other public spaces.
A development plan should also include culturally important elements and community priorities that
grow and strengthen the Tribe. The Tribes of the Pine Ridge Reservation provide this perspective on
the potential role that a community master plan can play:
"As incubators for sustainable development and culturally rooted solutions, model
communities can play an important role in increasing the self-sufficiency of those
who live and work in the community, which has long term benefits for the
sustainability of the region. By supporting local businesses and services owned and
operated by community members, model communities help to build a stronger local
economy. Integrating agriculture and food production, such as community gardens,
farmers markets, and other efforts into model communities supports economic
prosperity, provides jobs, improves access to healthy food, and helps to address diet
and health challenges faced by many. More broadly, integrating agriculture helps to
increase resilience to outside markets and enhance food sovereignty on the
Reservation. Opportunities to integrate renewable energy into model communities
can bring new knowledge, skills, and jobs, while reducing energy costs for the
community. At a wider scale, the development of renewable energy helps to increase
the energy independence of the Reservation and potentially provide new sources of
revenue.
Finally, model communities help to build capacity and self-sufficiency on the
Reservation by developing new leaders and experts that can share their passion and
knowledge with others and build momentum for transformative action."(Oyate
Omniciyé Consortium and Steering Committee, 2012)
Broader Collaborative Planning and Policy Actions
54
C1
Create a Community Development Master Plan
80
MT CO2e
?
The goal of this action is for the Hoopa Valley Housing Authority to be involved in the development
of a community development plan. This provides a way for the community to provide a voice in how
the Tribal Government develops land and housing communities. It can serve as a guide that clearly
identifies the priorities of the community.
The expected direct impact on emissions is associated with an estimated 3% reduction in vehicle
miles traveled by residents. Although the expected direct emissions reduction impact from this action
is relatively small, the indirect impact is expected to be significant. This Plan can significantly
increase the chance that many of the actions in this plan are implemented thereby allowing the
emissions reductions from those actions to be realized.
Potential Lead and
Suggested First Implementation Steps
Target
Partner Agencies
1. Create a Community Development Task Force. This
 HVHA
group may be internal to the Housing Authority, within
 Hoopa Modular
Creation of a
the Tribal Government, or perhaps a public community
 Tribal Council
community
group.
development
 Community Action
2. Instruct the task force to read through the example plans
plan by 2020
Group
provided as Possible Resources.
that will guide
 TANF
housing
 Northern California 3. Instruct the task force to clearly identify the next steps
required to begin developing a Community Plan.
development
Cultural
4. Have the Task Force begin identifying and applying for
through 2050.
Communications
funding with funding secured by the end of 2016.
 TVCE
Incremental Upfront
Incremental Cost Payback
Burden of Cost
Cost
Cost of Plan
Unknown
Unknown
Development
Possible Resources
The Hoopa Tribal Community will be the single most valuable source of input for the development of
a Community Plan. Some ideas for specific groups of the community to reach out to during the
planning process are:





Tribal members that have lived, or currently live, off-grid
Tribal members from all age groups
Tribal elders who retain traditional knowledge
Representatives from all Tribal Government Departments, including health departments and
programs who understand the role that community design can have on health
Utilizing Traditional Ecological Knowledge to Inform Climate Change Priorities: Yurok Tribe
Environmental Program case study
Additionally, community planning documents that have already been developed by other Tribal
entities are an invaluable resource for ideas and guidance. Some example documents include:



Spokane Tribe Sustainable Community Master Plan
Navajo Housing Authority Sustainable Journey of Beauty Planning Manual
Oyate Omniciyé - Oglala Lakota Plan
Other government resources that can help facilitate the development of a Community Plan include:
Broader Collaborative Planning and Policy Actions
55


Sustainable Native Communities Collaborative
HUD / DOT / EPA Partnership for Sustainable Communities
Possible Funding Resources
Look to tribes that have completed Community Master Plans for ideas on potential funding sources.
Potential Implementation Barriers
This is a large project that will require input and feedback from many groups within the community. A
successful plan will require an iterative outreach process that will be time consuming and costly.
Finding a funding source that will provide enough funding will be the largest hurdle. Successfully
gaining public engagement and buy-in will also be difficult.
7.2 Building Codes
The Tribal Green Building Codes Workgroup was formed in 2011 by the U.S. EPA and
representatives from tribal nations and federal agencies. The goal is to address green building
topics, including building retrofits, alternative energy, and energy conservation. This Workgroup
created a document that explains the potential benefits of creating and adopting a tribal building
code. This is repeated in its entirety below.5 Following this are proposed actions regarding building
code adoption.
"Tribes that develop and implement their own building code seek to provide safe,
healthy, quality homes that meet the needs, values, and aspirations of the community,
and reflect tribal culture and values.
At a minimum, building codes exist to protect the health and safety of persons using a
structure. Building codes can cover every aspect of the design, construction and
renovation of structures, from specifying aesthetically appropriate architecture to
regulating sewage disposal. Many state and local governments update codes to be
current with new materials and technology, to lessen susceptibility to natural disasters,
and to make ecologically sound use of resources.6
Most tribes have yet to adopt building codes. As a consequence, construction practices
on tribal lands often default to state or local, non-tribal government building codes, or are
determined by the federal agency funding the building project. Though the process for
adopting a building code can be involved, the result can be a code that reflects tribal
values, and the benefits can be transformative. Below are examples of benefits in
adopting tribe-specific building codes.
Health and Safety
 Improve Human Health - Codes can restrict the use of toxic building materials and
prevent mold that can lead to poor indoor air quality and threaten human health.
 Safety - Codes can provide a comprehensive set of building safety and fire
prevention codes that are unique to the respective tribal community’s culture,
resources, and needs.
5
The original document can be found at http://www.epa.gov/region9/greenbuilding/pdfs/tribal-building-codes2012.pdf
6
Tribal Legal Code Project: Tribal Building Codes. Retrieved from http://www.tribal-institute.org/codes/part_six.htm
on November 30, 2011.
Broader Collaborative Planning and Policy Actions
56
Environment

Reduced impact on the environment - Codes can include design considerations to
protect the local habitat, and conserve resources (energy, water, and building
materials) in construction and home operation.
Tribal Culture and Community Development
 Increase Personal Efficacy, Kinship and Spiritually7 - A building’s design can impact
how people feel about themselves, and connect with others and the natural
environment. Tribes have reported that federal housing designs, in addition to the
reservation system, have led to social isolation and depression, disconnection from
family, culture and the natural environment, and promote lack of activity and obesity.8
The social impacts of the built environment are not addressed in most building
codes. Tribes can address these threats and account for them in their codes.


Cultural Strength - The suppression of traditional - native building practices and the
introduction of federal housing on tribal lands accelerated the loss of many Native
American cultural practices and attributes, including languages.9 Tribal codes can
facilitate cultural practices - spiritual, linguistic, artistic, material - in a way that
general codes do not.10
Leadership - Tribal communities play a key role in implementing sustainable,
regenerative and culturally relevant communities and can demonstrate this knowhow throughout the world.
Tribal Sovereignty / Self-Sufficiency
 Tribal Priorities/Self-Sufficiency - Codes can define performance measures
appropriate to a tribe’s needs, culture and local climate; determine what information
is useful for the evaluation and monitoring of these measures; and outline the
methods for collecting and analyzing information in ways that complement the tribe’s
knowledge of the environment and human health.
o Codes can emphasize sustainable and cultural uses of local resources, tribal
autonomy, and define infrastructure development in ways to overcome
existing barriers.
o Outline perimeters that appropriately match actual conditions (such as rural
and isolated areas without utility services for power, water, wastewater,
communication) and various levels of occupancy and use (such as
multigenerational households and larger family, ceremonial gatherings).
 Clearly Define Building Standards - Provide project partners with clear guidance that
must be met or exceeded for new construction or rehabilitation projects.
 Tribal Priorities for Resolving Problems - Tribes can set evaluation and monitoring
7
These ideas were expressed by members of the Tribal Green Building Codes Workgroup and are also defined in
First Nations Development Institute’s Development Model, The Elements of Development. First Published: Black, S.
S. 1994. Redefining Success in Community Development: A New Approach for Determining and Measuring the
Impact of Development. Richard Schramm Paper on Community Development, Lincoln Filene Center. Medford, MA:
Tufts University.
8
Taken from a conversation with Potawot Health Village's cultural liaison who stated that the design of their building
promoted social interaction across families, generations, neighborhoods, and thus improved community harmony and
well-being (2011). Photos of the building are at: http://www.uihs.org/locations/potawot-health-village-arcata
9
Taken from a conversation with Michael Tsosie, Colorado River Indian Tribes (2011).
10
Codes can encourage the relational thinking that scholars Vine Deloria and Daniel Wildcat maintain is at the heart
of Indian metaphysics by making relations with materials, spaces, labor, knowledge and people more readily visible
and easy to appreciate.
Broader Collaborative Planning and Policy Actions
57

systems that: a) reflect what they want out of housing; b) reflect how they collect and
use information; c) encourage balance between individual interests and collective
tribal interests; and d) favor tribal mechanisms for resolving conflicts. For example,
tribes may use mediation and restitution when conflicts arise between contractors
and the tribe. Assessments of whether or not a performance standard is met may
balance personal testimony and quantitative data.
Tribal Autonomy in Deciding how to Manage Risks - Tribes can create systems of
managing risk related to buildings based on tribal values and goals established
through tribal processes rather than accepting those embedded in codes and
standards developed by non-tribal governments.
Economic
 Economic Development and Increase Employment - Codes can support the use of
local labor and resources, and thereby increase income within the community.
 Traditional Ecological Knowledge of Tribal Residents - Codes can outline traditional
and contemporary building practices that tribal citizens know or can learn.
 Reduce Operation and Maintenance Costs - Codes can encourage high levels of
energy and water conservation and efficiency to reduce utility bills and eliminate the
use of high cost fuels, such as propane. Codes can also encourage design and
construction practices that reduce maintenance needs and expenses.
 Increase Access to Financial Capital - Financial institutions primarily fund
construction projects that follow building codes. By adopting and implementing
building codes, tribes will meet this funding requirement, and thereby increase
financing opportunities."
C2
Pursue Adoption of a Housing Authority Building Code
25 - 65
MT CO2e
The goal of this action is for the Hoopa Valley Housing Authority to develop and adopt a building
code. This code establishes requirements on the design and construction of homes purchased
and/or built by the Housing Authority.
Potential Lead and
Suggested First Implementation Steps
Target
Partner Agencies
1. Identify a building code task force internal to the
 HVHA
Housing Authority
 Tribal Government
2.
Instruct the task force to work through the Tribal
 Tribal Community
Creation of a
Building Code Development Guidance offered by
 Hoopa Modular
building code that
the U.S. EPA at
 Trinity Valley
impacts the
http://www.epa.gov/region9/greenbuilding/codes/ind
Consulting
construction of all
ex.html
Engineers Inc.
new homes.
3.
Instruct the task force to develop a series of steps
 Abbay Technical
for creating and adopting a building code that the
Services
Housing Authority can use
Incremental Upfront
Incremental Cost Payback
Burden of Cost
Cost
-> $0 - $5,000 per
0 - 17 years
home to build to code
HVHA for
Upfront construction cost born by HVHA, savings from
-> Unknown cost for
construction costs
reduced energy costs realized by residents.
code development
Broader Collaborative Planning and Policy Actions
58
Possible Resources
Some sources for guidelines and examples for writing and adopting housing codes in the spirit of the
goals of this Plan include:




International Green Construction Code
U.S. Green Building Council LEED Program
EPA Tribal Green Building Code Guidance
Tribal Court Clearinghouse for Legal Guidance on Code Adoption
There are also numerous information sources on Zero Net Energy homes and Reach Codes, both
topics of which are very relevant to this action. Resources on these topics include






NREL Zero Net Energy case studies
EcoVillage: a company that constructs modular zero net energy homes
A list of zero net energy homes that have been built is maintained at the following website:
o http://www.zerohomes.org/existing-zero-energy-homes/
Pima County in Arizona has developed a net zero energy building standard. More
information is available at http://www.pima.gov/netzero/
The Federal EPA has a Tribal Green Building Codes program. Contact information for the
western U.S. is
o Michelle Baker: 415-972-3206, [email protected]
The EPA also maintains a list of green building guides which can be found at
o http://www.epa.gov/greenkit/quick_start.htm
Possible Funding Resources
There are a number of Tribes in the U.S. that have developed and adopted their own building code.
They are likely the best resource for learning about potential funding sources.
Potential Implementation Barriers
This action essentially involves rewriting Title 27 of Hoopa Law. This is a significant undertaking with
many challenges.
7.3 Participate in a County Community Choice Aggregation Program
The Redwood Coast Energy Authority is currently conducting a feasibility analysis regarding
implementing a Community Choice Aggregation program for Humboldt County. Community Choice
Aggregation (CCA) is a program that allows a local region to establish an electricity procurement
agency that can compete with PG&E. The typical goal of a CCA is to purchase electricity with a
higher mix of renewable energy sources than what is currently offered by PG&E. Two CCAs
currently exist in California: Marin Clean Energy and Sonoma Clean Power. Both offer a greener
electricity mix that is less costly than PG&E rates as well as a 100% renewable energy option that is
slightly more expensive than PG&E rates.
Pacific Gas & Electric is still involved as a provider of the transmission and distribution infrastructure
so payment is still made to PG&E for these services. However, the power is purchased by the local
CCA and customers pay the local CCA for that power. Therefore, a significant portion of money that
currently leaves the County is no retained within the County.
Broader Collaborative Planning and Policy Actions
59
As with PG&E, it is possible for the Hoopa Tribe to break the contract with the local CCA and
establish their own utility. It would also be possible for the Hoopa Tribe to sell power to the local
CCA under contract as with any other utility. In addition, enrollment in a County CCA and the
development of a utility-scale project (action O2) are both compatible actions.
C3
Community Choice Aggregation
0 - 500
MT CO2e
The goal of this action is to both support the feasibility analysis, and to participate in the CCA
program if one is developed by enrolling residents into the program assuming contract requirements
are acceptable to the HVHA and the Tribe.
Potential Lead and Partner
Suggested First Implementation Steps
Target
Agencies
1. Check in with RCEA through 2015 and
 HVHA
2016 to stay up -to-date on CCA
 RCEA
developments
All new and existing
 ME&E
2. Engage with RCEA regarding the
homes enrolled in
 City of Arcata
requirements for joining the CCA
the CCA program.
3. Enroll Tribal departments, businesses
and residents in the CCA program
Incremental Upfront Cost
Incremental Cost Payback
Burden of Cost
If choosing 100% renewable option there
-5% to +5% of current $/kWh
will likely be no economic payback as the
Residents
price paid under PG&E
cost of electricity would be higher.
Possible Resources
Learn more about Community Choice Aggregation by visiting the website of the following CCAs:


Marin Clean Energy
Sonoma Clean Power
Possible Funding Resources
Funding is not required to enroll. Utility bill subsidies may need to be provided for residents to
facilitate participation in the 100% renewable option. As with PG&E, there would likely be a CARE
program for low income households.
Potential Implementation Barriers
When a CCA is formed residents have the option to "opt out" and continue paying PG&E for
electricity. Hence residents need to be interested and willing to participate. Enrollment of residents
will require advertising and community discussion.
7.4 Increase and Improve Public Transportation Options
This action proposes improving public transportation options by taking the following actions:



Creating express routes during commute times and increasing the number of routes to
provide more options that fit people's schedules
Improving access to transit stops through sidewalk, crosswalk, and bus shelter
improvements
Expanding or modifying service routes to service new and existing housing villages
Broader Collaborative Planning and Policy Actions
60
Emissions reduction impact is estimated from CAPCOA measures TST-1 through TST-4.
Conservative impact estimates were used as these measures are targeted to more urban areas.
C4
Improved Public Transportation
18
MT CO2e
This action explores the potential emissions reductions from helping to improve public transit access
through improved access at housing villages and working with transit agencies to develop ways to
increase express route options and the number of available routes.
Potential Lead and Partner
Suggested First Implementation Steps
Target
Agencies
1. Begin discussions with the HCTTC to
 HCTTC
Improved transit access
determine the costs and required
 Tribal Council
at housing villages.
effort associated with these
 HVHA
improvements.
 BLRT
Increased transit
2.
Work other neighboring transit
 HTA
ridership resulting in a
systems to search for areas of
1% decrease in vehicle
collaboration to reduce costs
miles traveled by
3. Search for funding to implement this
residents.
action
Incremental Upfront Cost
Incremental Cost Payback
Burden of Cost
-5% to +5%
Residents
Possible Resources
 There are numerous case studies throughout the U.S. that can be drawn from.
 The Rural Climate Network may be useful resource for connecting with other rural areas to
gather ideas and solutions: http://www.ruralclimatenetwork.org/
 The European Rural Transport Solutions project has documented solutions, challenges and
lessons learned on the project website: http://www.rtsnpp.eu
Possible Funding Resources
The Federal Highway Administration provides funding for transportation projects. The USDA has
also funded rural transit projects in the past. Funding sources that currently fund HCTTC may also
be an option.
Potential Implementation Barriers
Rural public transit is historically very difficult to implement. A successful improvement project will
require significant upfront planning.
7.5 Support the Northwest California Alternative Transportation Fuels
Readiness Project
This action calls for the support of the Northwest California Alternative Transportation Fuels
Readiness Project. This project is lead by the Redwood Coast Energy Authority and is a cooperative
effort between the Schatz Energy Research Center, the North Coast Unified Air Quality
Management District, the Mendocino Council of Governments, and the Siskiyou County Economic
Development Council. This project is focusing on the five Counties of Del Norte, Siskiyou, Humboldt,
Trinity, and Mendocino. The goals of this project are to:


Provide strategies to deploy alternative fuel infrastructure.
Identify activities to encourage regional alternative fuel vehicle adoption.
Broader Collaborative Planning and Policy Actions
61



Coordinate regional efforts that support successful introduction of alternative fuel vehicles.
Create a roadmap for wise and effective alternative fuel infrastructure deployment.
Facilitate robust market development for alternative fuels.
The State is pushing to shift all sales of on-road passenger vehicle to zero emissions vehicles by
2040 with the goal of having 87% of all passenger vehicles on the road be zero emission by 2050.
This action assumes that this will impact the Hoopa community. This Readiness Project is intended
to help achieve these State goals within the five County region.
The vehicles owned by the Hoopa community tend to be older vehicles on average. DMV data from
2012 shows that 35% of vehicles registered to the 95546 zip code are ten years old or newer. This
action assumes that 35% of vehicles owned by residents will be zero emissions vehicles because of
how State policies will influence the available vehicle options on the market.
C5
Support Regional Alternative Transportation Plan
0 - 960
MT CO2e
This action recommends the support of the Northwest California Alternative Transportation Fuels
Readiness Project. This project seeks to accelerate the availability of alternative fuels in the
northwest region. This will help increase alternative transportation options away from fossil fuels for
the HVHA and residents.
Potential Lead and Partner
Suggested First Implementation
Target
Agencies
Steps
1. Check in with RCEA through 2015
 HVHA
and 2016 to stay up -to-date on
 Hoopa Tribe
developments of this project
2. Engage with RCEA regarding
35% of HVHA resident
efforts to bring alternative fuels to
vehicles are zero emission
the region
by 2050
3. Promote any elements of the
project that align with HVHA and
Tribal goals
Incremental Upfront Cost
Incremental Cost Payback
Burden of Cost
Residents who must
Unknown
Unknown
purchase the vehicles
Possible Resources
The Redwood Coast Energy Authority is a good resource for information on this project.
Possible Funding Resources
None needed
Potential Implementation Barriers
Barriers to support of the project may include opposition from the HVHA Board.
7.6 Policy Engagement with the Federal Government
Tribe has been and is currently pursuing policy engagement with Federal Government. This is
highlighted as an action item in this document in order to emphasize the importance of policy
engagement for realizing the long term goals of the HVHA.
Regarding increasing the options for utility-scale electricity generation for the Tribe, current policy
engagement discussions are occurring with the Western Area Power Administration (WAPA) and the
Broader Collaborative Planning and Policy Actions
62
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). This action encourages continued discussion in
order to move towards empowering the tribe’s voice on energy regulatory issues.
C6
Policy Engagement with the Federal Government
?
MT CO2e
?
This action calls for continued policy discussions with relevant agencies on the topic of utility-scale
electricity options for the Tribe. The goal is to expand the number of available options for the Tribe to
facilitate energy sovereignty and to provide Tribal income opportunities as well as carbon offset
opportunities through the potential sale of renewable electricity.
Potential Lead and Partner
Suggested First Implementation Steps
Target
Agencies
1. Continue current efforts in policy
 Tribal Council
engagement.
No specific target
 HVHA
 TVCE
Incremental Upfront Cost
Incremental Cost Payback
Burden of Cost
Unknown
Unknown
Tribal Entities
Possible Resources
There are numerous legal entities that assist Tribes with this type of work. The Hoopa Tribe has
access to many people with the skills needed to move this action forward.
Possible Funding Resources
Tribal funding sources are likely required for this action.
Potential Implementation Barriers
There are numerous challenges with engaging in policy discussion at the Federal level. These
challenges are well known to the Tribe.
Broader Collaborative Planning and Policy Actions
63
Broader Collaborative Planning and Policy Actions
64
Broader Collaborative Planning and Policy Actions
65
Broader Collaborative Planning and Policy Actions
66
8 Recommended Actions for Housing Authority Residents
In Section 6 there are many actions listed that directly impact the emissions from the daily activities
of HVHA residents. Those actions are not listed here because the HVHA has the authority and ability
to implement those actions since they own and maintain the homes. However, there are additional
actions that HVHA residents can do that are better suited to be owned and implemented by
community members. These types of actions are listed in this section.
The following actions are those that HVHA residents can implement on their own that would
significantly help in fostering community engagement and ownership of the overall goals of this
Climate Action Plan. The actions listed here are by no means comprehensive, and are listed here to
start the conversation and get ideas and thoughts flowing.
8.1 Form a Community Climate Action Group
The purpose of a Community Climate Action Group is to engage the community in the larger
discussion around climate change. This can play a critical role in




documenting observed changes in the local environment
o Taking note of changes such as unusual rain fall amounts, an increase, decrease, or
migration of plant and animal species, or changes in river and stream flows can
greatly assist in Tribal adaptation planning efforts as well as keep local dialogue
open and accessible.
providing a space for people to express ideas, concerns, and engage with each other
implementing ideas and projects
educating the local community about climate change issues
This group would also be extremely valuable in helping to guide the development and success of
other actions in this Plan. For example, action HA2: Create a Community Development Master Plan
will greatly benefit from significant public engagement.
Furthermore, this group can play a critical role in beginning the process of engaging and educating
the general public about climate change. As an initial step this engagement can start at the HVHA
resident level rather than aiming for all tribal residents.
There are many options for activities and engagement including




create a regular publication such as a news letter, or contribute a regular column to an
existing periodical such as the Two Rivers Tribune
working with youth to engage in community projects
producing electronic media and posting to social media sites such as YouTube and
Facebook
hold community events, competitions, monthly volunteer days, etc.
o coordinate with existing events such as Sovereignty Day
Recommended Actions for Housing Authority Residents
67
R1
Form a Community Climate Action Group
?
MT CO2e
This action encourages that community to form a Climate Action Group to promote this Plan within
the community and garner public support. This can be essential for successfully implementing a
number of the actions in this Plan.
Potential Lead and Partner
Suggested First Implementation Steps
Target
Agencies
1. Identify a group of local members that are
 Local Community Members
able to commit the time to fostering the
 Hoopa Tribal Civilian
Sustained
development of this group.
Community Corps
Community Action
2. Establish a support person with the HVHA
Group of 4 to 6
 Local media such as KIDE
that will help support the group
members with a
Radio and Two Rivers
HVHA liaison
Tribune
 HVHA
Incremental Upfront Cost
Incremental Cost Payback
Burden of Cost
Unknown
Unknown
Residents
Possible Resources
Promotion of the group will be critical to garner participation and support. Local media organizations
that can help with this include:


Local media for community outreach such as KIDE radio and Two Rivers Tribune
Larger media organizations such as News From Native California
Blue Lake currently has an active Climate Action Planning group that may be a useful collaborative
partner. Groups can share ideas and lessons learned to facilitate success.
Possible Funding Resources
Funding would most likely come from local sources and volunteered time. Other potential sources
that could fund this Action Group include


The Seventh Generation Fund may be a source to assist with specific actions or events
Social and Environmental Entrepreneurs may be able to provide services required to operate
as a nonprofit without all the
Potential Implementation Barriers
Public action groups are difficult to form and maintain unless there is sufficient energy and interest
by a core group of members. A community action group is one of the most important actions that can
be taken, but is likely also one of the most difficult actions to both start and maintain. Identifying a
passionate and dedicated core group of residents will be critical to the success of an action group.
8.2 Develop and Maintain Community Gardens
Community gardens are an excellent way to engage the local community. Gardens teach the
community skills, provide fresh local food that facilitates a healthy community, and offer a highly
visible venue that promotes the overall goals of this Climate Action Plan.
The environmental impacts are significant but difficult to quantify. The most direct impacts is likely
the reduced carbon footprint of food as it is not shipped from distant areas. However, the fact that
community gardens promote environmental consciousness, healthy living, and community pride go a
long way towards facilitating community interest in the motivations behind the actions in this plan.
Recommended Actions for Housing Authority Residents
68
R2
Establish Community Garden Collaborative
?
MT CO2e
Create a Community Garden Action Group that is responsible for helping to establish and maintain
community gardens in HVHA communities.
Potential Lead and Partner
Suggested First Implementation Steps
Target
Agencies
1. Engage with the City of Arcata for guidance
 K’ima:w Medical Center
on how to implement and manage a
 Tsemeta Nursery
community garden program at the City level.
 Hoopa Food Distribution
One community
2.
Reach out to the many potential partners
garden in each
 Hoopa Veggie Club
listed here to begin the discussion around
housing village
 Synergy Seed Exchange
establishing and managing a community
owned by the
 North Coast Community
garden project.
HVHA
Garden Collaborative
3.
Seek
funding
to
enable
long
term
success
 University of California
Cooperative Extension
Incremental Upfront Cost
Incremental Cost Payback
Burden of Cost
Residents and the
Unknown
Unknown
HVHA
Possible Resources
There are numerous resources locally. Two excellent resources in Hoopa are:


Mvskoke Food Sovereignty Initiative
Tsemeta Nursery: Kim Davis and the USDA-funded local produce and farmer's market
project
Possible Funding Resources
The amount of funding required for this action is relatively small. This action can easily be funded by
local funding sources such as the Seventh Generation Fund.
Potential Implementation Barriers
There may be legal and logistical hurdles surrounding allocating the land within HVHA territory.
Starting the project can sometimes happen relatively easily if there enough motivated leaders.
However, maintaining a successful long term project will require a group of people committed to
managing the project.
8.3 Enroll in the PG&E Green Option Program
This is a PG&E program, developed out of California Senate Bill 43 of 2013, that will provide
customers the opportunity to commit to paying a premium for a higher percentage of renewable
energy. This is an option that will become available to all PG&E customers starting mid-year 2015.
PG&E customers must actively pursue and enroll in this program once put into effect. This is an
excellent near-term option for easily reducing the emissions associated with electricity consumption
by households while the renewable energy actions in this Plan are implemented.
Recommended Actions for Housing Authority Residents
69
R3
Enroll in the PG&E Green Option
0 - 500
MT CO2e
This actions encourages enrollment by residents into PG&E's Green Option to increase the
percentage of renewable energy sources that supply electricity to HVHA residents. This actions is
recommended as a stop gap measure that can quickly reduce the environmental impact of electricity
consumption while other actions within this Plan are implemented.
Potential Lead and Partner
Suggested First Implementation Steps
Target
Agencies
1. Stay informed regarding the development
All existing homes
 HVHA
of
the
PG&E
Green
Option
as long as other
 Community Action Group
2.
Promote
the
option
to
residents
by
more local
 PG&E
informing them of the program and
electricity options
assisting them with signing up
are not available
Incremental Upfront Cost
Incremental Cost Payback
Burden of Cost
Residents, or
$350 per year per household
Does not pay back economically
HVHA if
subsidized
Possible Resources
Visit the following PG&E website for more information:
http://www.pge.com/en/about/environment/pge/greenoption/index.page
Possible Funding Resources
If the HVHA decides to subsidize the extra cost funding will need to be acquired. Potential sources
are unknown.
Potential Implementation Barriers
This action does not directly align with the overall goals of energy sovereignty and only acts as a
stop gap measure for emissions reductions until other actions are implemented that can provide
electricity to the Tribe in a way that aligns with Tribal goals. Therefore, it may be difficult to justify the
funding associated with subsidize the extra costs to residents.
Recommended Actions for Housing Authority Residents
70
Recommended Actions for Housing Authority Residents
71
Recommended Actions for Housing Authority Residents
72
9 Potential Projects to Offset Remaining Community
Emissions
The following two actions propose potential ways to offset the remaining community emissions.
These remaining emissions are difficult.
9.1 Implement Actions That Target Existing Homes on More Than
Half of Existing Homes
This actions call out the fact that all actions that retrofit existing homes have a target of half of
existing homes, or 145 existing homes. This action points out the additional emissions that could be
reduced if all these actions were implemented on all 290 existing homes.
O1
Continue Retrofitting Existing Homes
0 - 500
MT CO2e
All other actions that retrofit existing homes target half of the existing infrastructure. This actions
calls for expanding that effort to more than half, ideally retrofitting all homes if feasible.
Potential Lead and Partner
Suggested First Implementation Steps
Target
Agencies
1. Take the same steps as those outlined in
Increase the
 HVHA
the
actions
that
retrofit
existing
homes
number
of existing
 All partner agencies listed on
homes
that are
actions that retrofit existing
retrofitted
beyond
homes
the 145 that are
the target for
retrofit actions
Incremental Upfront Cost
Incremental Cost Payback
Burden of Cost
Combined cost of all actions
Varies
HVHA
that retrofit existing homes
Possible Resources
Same as those listed for retrofit actions.
Possible Funding Resources
Same as those listed for retrofit actions.
Potential Implementation Barriers
Same as those listed for retrofit actions.
9.2 Local Utility-Scale Electricity Production
This action looks at the potential for offsetting the remaining emissions from the community through
the sale of renewable energy from utility-scale renewable electricity projects on Tribal land. The idea
is that through the sale of renewable electricity to customers off the reservation the Tribe is replacing
dirtier sources of electricity that would have otherwise been purchased. This would be accomplished
through the sale of Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) by the Tribe on the open market.
Potential Projects to Offset Remaining Community Emissions
73
O2
Local Utility-Scale Electricity Production
0 - 2,300
MT CO2e
?
This action suggests the potential for a utility-scale electricity generation project to generate RECs
that can be converted to carbon offset credits which could be credited to the Tribe as an offset to
remaining community emissions.
Potential Lead and Partner
Suggested First Implementation Steps
Target
Agencies
1. Start the process by referring to the
Offset remaining
 Tribal Council
Tribe
Land
Use
Plan.
community
 ME&E
2.
Secure
funding
for
an
conduct
a
emissions
which are
 TVCE
feasibility study
primarily from the
transportation sector
Incremental Upfront Cost
Incremental Cost Payback
Burden of Cost
Unknown
Unknown
Tribal Entities
Possible Resources
There are many legal companies that specialize in working with entities interested in pursuing utilityscale projects. Finding an organization that is aligned with Tribal goals and priorities will be
necessary for successful implementation of this action.
Regarding converting RECs to carbon offset credits the Carbon Offset Research & Education project
of the Stockholm Environment Institute has many resources on this topic.
Possible Funding Resources
Significant upfront capital is required to construct utility-scale projects. The U.S. DOE Tribal Energy
Program has a list of funding opportunities for Tribes including REC opportunities. Mechanisms like
tax credits and RECs provided funding sources in addition to electricity sales that can help
accelerate the payback period of these large projects. However, if RECs are sold to non-Tribal
entities then they would not be available for offsetting community emissions by the Tribe.
Potential Implementation Barriers
There are numerous challenges, including securing the upfront capital, obtaining the required land
and/or water resources, and working within Tribal, Federal, and State law. This project will have a
long implementation timeline with many challenges along the way.
Viewing RECs as a form of carbon offsets is not straight forward nor unanimously accepted within
the carbon trading industry. Additional time and research above and beyond that needed to establish
a utility-scale power generation system will be needed to research these complexities if a major goal
of this project is to offset remaining community emissions.
9.3 Carbon Sequestration by Maintaining Local Forests
Establishing a carbon sequestration project on Hoopa land would involve a commitment to not log
forests intended for lumber production. This would be a commitment by the Hoopa Tribe to not log
forest lands in order to offset the community's remaining greenhouse gas emissions foot print.
This project is not intended to generate carbon credits that are sold on the open market. This is
intended to offset emissions by the Tribe directly. In that sense, this project can be looked at as a
carbon credit project where the credits generated by the project are claimed by the Tribe directly.
Potential Projects to Offset Remaining Community Emissions
74
This action can be done in conjunction with action O2. The economics and carbon offset potential of
both projects would need to be analyzed to dictate the size of each project and the monetary
commitment required.
O3
Carbon Sequestration Projects
0 - 2,300
MT CO2e
?
This action encourages exploration of reducing logging practices on Tribal land in order to offset
remaining greenhouse gas emissions from the community.
Potential Lead and Partner
Suggested First Implementation Steps
Target
Agencies
1. Continue current efforts in policy
 Tribal Council
engagement.
 Yurok Environmental
Program
 City of Arcata
No specific target
 ME&E
 TVCE
 RCEA
Incremental Upfront Cost
Incremental Cost Payback
Burden of Cost
Unknown
Unknown
Tribal Entities
Possible Resources
The Yurok Environmental Program is currently pursuing a carbon offset project with forest lands in
their territory. They can be a valuable resource regarding the process of quantifying the carbon
sequestration potential of forest lands. The City of Arcata can also be a valuable resource as they
have received carbon offset credits for the Arcata forest and are familiar with the process.
Possible Funding Resources
Funding would need to be secured for the process of quantifying the carbon sequestration potential
of Hoopa-owned forests.
Potential Implementation Barriers
Logging of forests on Hoopa land is a significant source of income for the Tribe. This action would
remove some portion of that income source that is proportional to the acreage required to offset the
remaining quantity of community greenhouse gas emissions.
Potential Projects to Offset Remaining Community Emissions
75
76
77
78
Literature References
Barr, B. R., Koopman, M. E., Williams, C. D., Vynne, S. J., Hamilton, R., & Doppelt, B. (March,
2010). Preparing for Climate Change in the Klamath Basin. National Center for Conservation
Science and Policy & The Climate Leadership Initiative.
Clark, K., & Harris, J. (December 2011). Clearwater River Subbasin (ID) Climate Change Adaptation
Plan. Nez Pierce Tribe Water Resources Division.
Meehl, G. A., Washington, W. M., Ammann, C. M., Arblaster, J. M., Wigley, T. M., & Tebaldi, C.
(2004). Combinations of Natural and Anthropogenic Forcings in Twentieth-Century Climate.
Journal of Climate, 17, 3721–3727.
Mendes, R., Preppernau, D. B., & McAdams, N. (May 28, 2014). Hoopa Valley Tribe Multi-Hazard
Mitigation Plan. Hoopa Office of Emergency Services.
Oyate Omniciyé Consortium and Steering Committee. (2012). Oyate Omniciyé - Oglala Lakota Plan.
Pacific Northwest Tribal Climate Change Project. (2013). A Tribal Planning Framework - Climate
Change Adaptation Strategies by Sector. Retrieved from
http://tribalclimate.uoregon.edu/files/2010/11/Tribal_CC_framework_April_2013-25wov2q.pdf
Ray, M. (2012). Karuk Tribe - Integrating Traditional Ecological Knowledge within Natural Resource.
Tribal Climate Change Profile Project. University of Oregon. Retrieved from
http://tribalclimate.uoregon.edu/files/2010/11/Karuk_profile_5_14-12_web1.pdf
Stocker, T. F., Dahe, Q., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., . . . Midgley, P. M.
(2013). IPCC, 2013: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical
Science Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge
University Press.
79
Appendix A: Image Sources and Descriptions
First Page
Hupa rock and wood sweat house
 Edward S. Curtis
 Library of Congress
 Obtained from:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hupa_Sweat_House.jpg
Acknowledgments Page
Hupa Salmon Fishing
 Edward S. Curtis
 Northwest University Digital Library Collections
 Obtained from:
http://curtis.library.northwestern.edu/curtis/viewPage.cgi?id=nai.13.b
ook.00000081.p&volume=13
Disclaimer Page
Hupa Sweat House in Hostler Field area
 Humboldt State University: Humboldt Room Photograph Collections,
photo ID 1999.07.2747
 Obtained from
http://library.humboldt.edu/humco/holdings/photodetail.php?S=hupa
&CS=All%20Collections&RS=ALL%20Regions&PS=Any%20Photog
rapher&ST=ALL%20words&SW=&C=21&R=7
Introduction Page
Smokey Day at the Sugar Bowl
 Photographer not labeled, assumed Edward S. Curtis
 Obtained from: http://www.firstpeople.us/americanindian/photographs/smoky-day-at-the-sugar-bowl-hupa.html
Figure 2, Page 4
Graphic of the greenhouse effect
 US EPA (December 2012), Climate Change Indicators in the United
States, 2nd edition, Washington, DC, USA
 Obtained from:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Earth%27s_greenhouse_effe
ct_%28US_EPA,_2012%29.png
Figure 2, Page 5
Global climate modeling results with and without anthropogenic forcings
compared with historic global temperature data
 Meehl, G. A., Washington, W. M., Ammann, C. M., Arblaster, J. M.,
Wigley, T. M., & Tebaldi, C. (2004). Combinations of Natural and
Anthropogenic Forcings in Twentieth-Century Climate. Journal of
Climate, 17, 3721–3727.
Figure 3, Page 6
Projected changes in future global temperature, precipitation, ice
content, and ocean acidity
 Stocker, T. F., Dahe, Q., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K.,
Boschung, J., . . . Midgley, P. M. (2013). IPCC, 2013: Summary for
Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science
Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment
Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Figure 4, Page 7
Projected changes in future tree species of the Klamath River
watershed
 Barr, B. R., Koopman, M. E., Williams, C. D., Vynne, S. J., Hamilton,
R., & Doppelt, B. (March, 2010). Preparing for Climate Change in
the Klamath Basin. National Center for Conservation Science and
80
Policy & The Climate Leadership Initiative.
Section Divider, Page 11
Trees and small creek feeding the Trinity River
 James Mitchell, individual photographer who posts pictures on a
personal blog
 Obtained from
http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/11849056.jpg
Section Divider, Page 16
Hupa basket
 UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History
 Obtained from http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/hb4w1009ns/
Section Divider, Page 24
Salmon in the Trinity or Klamath River
 Picture accompanying an article on the Bureau of Reclamation by
the Portland Independent Media Center
 Obtained from
http://portland.indymedia.org/en/2012/07/416781.shtml
Section Divider, Page 31
Fish Weir Built in 2002
 Taken and provided by Jerry Rohde
Section Divider, Page 46
Hoopa Ceremony
 Photographer: A. W. Ericson
 Obtained from
http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/tf3q2nb6v4/?query=hoopa&brand
=calisphere
Section Divider, Page 58
Hupa or Yurok Basket Hat
 de Saisset Museum via Santa Clara University
 Obtained from
http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt067nc390/?order=1
Section Divider, Page 63
Plank houses
 Individual photographer Mike (KAPMAC) who takes photos for
Google Maps.
 Obtained from
http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/24111493.jpg
Section Divider, Page 67
Hupa Fish Weir
 Edward S. Curtis
 Smithsonian Institute Libraries: The National Museum of American
History, On The Water - Fish for a Living Exhibit
 Obtained from http://amhistory.si.edu/onthewater/exhibition/3_2.html
Back Page
Hoopa Valley
 Kayla Carpenter
 Obtained from: http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~hupa/hupalexicon.html
81
Appendix B: Detailed Notes on the Calculation Methods
Used to Quantify the Impact of Actions
These notes are referenced by action label, and are sorted in the order that they appear in this
document.
Sections 5 and 6: Actions for the Housing Authority
HA1
No estimate was made of the emissions reduction impact of creating a staff position.
HA2
Assume 1 refrigerator replaced. 464kWh saved per year.
Assume two propane water heaters, one in each office, are replaced with high efficiency
condensing water heaters. Assume 220 gallons of propane are used for hot water per year.
Assume roughly a 30% reduction in propane consumption = 66 gallons. Payback assumes
a cost $3 per gallon of propane.
Lighting retrofit uses CAPPA to estimate T8 retrofits. Assumes 6.85kWh per square foot
consumed by lighting (roughly half of all kWh used). Assumes 5,000 sq. ft. of office space.
Assumes an incremental cost of $300 compared with replacing existing equipment.
Assumes 15% reduction in electricity consumption. This results in a cost savings of
~$1,000 per year. Assume a 10 year life so lights are replaced 4 times in 36 years.
Lifespan of appliances estimated from http://blogs.hrblock.com/2013/10/21/the-lifeexpectancy-of-7-major-appliances/
HA3
Cost to run heat pump for year is estimated to be roughly $700. Annual cost savings of
$2,100 estimated from reduced propane. Cost to install is the heat pump is assumed to be
$9.60 per sq. ft. from CAPPA. Assuming 5,000 sq. ft. is heated. Assume 500 gal. of
propane are used for space heating annually. Incremental cost does not considered the
cost of maintaining the existing heating system such that the estimate incremental cost
should be very conservative.
CO2e reductions of 2.37 from reduced propane consumption. This is offset by an increase
of 1.01 MT CO2e per year from electricity consumption assuming electricity is supplied by
PG&E.
Lifespan of heat pump of 18 years estimated from http://blogs.hrblock.com/2013/10/21/thelife-expectancy-of-7-major-appliances/
HA4
This action only applies to existing homes as it is assumed the new homes constructed
after 2015 will already have energy efficient lighting and appliances.
Energy savings for most appliances estimated from CAPPA with the exception of


HA5
clothes dryers with estimated savings and incremental cost from Energy Star study
(http://www.energystar.gov/sites/default/files/specs//ENERGY%20STAR%20Draft%202
%20Version%201.0%20Clothes%20Dryers%20Data%20and%20Analysis.xlsx)
lighting which assumes an average of 10kWh savings annually per light bulb over 5
years (PG&E assumptions) and an average of 5 light bulbs replaced in each home at a
subsidized cost of $5 per bulb. Assume $0.17 per kWh and a lifespan of 5 years per
bulb.
This action assumes heating savings associated with reduced firewood consumption only.
The impact assumes a 32% reduction in firewood consumption as taken from CAPPA.
82
HA6
Assuming a cost of electricity of $0.17 per kWh, it is estimated that heat pumps will only be
marginally less expensive to operate than fireplaces assuming a cost of $250 per cord of
wood. Greenhouse gas emissions actually increase (negative emissions reduction value)
compared with the use of a fireplace if using PG&E electricity. This is because the CO2
emitted from the burning of firewood is not counted as a greenhouse gas since wood is
considered a renewable resource. There is a positive emissions reduction if the heat pumps
are run using renewable energy such as solar.
Cost to run heat pump for year is estimated at $550 per home. There is an increase in
CO2e emissions of 0.215 MT CO2e per year per home if using PG&E. There is a savings of
32 CO2e if 100% using a renewable energy source.
The cost is assumed to be the average between the cost of an air source heat pump
($7,000) and the cost of a geothermal heat pump $12,000). Costs estimated from Energy
Star calculation spreadsheet. This average was used in consideration of the fact that air
source heat pumps may turn out to be a more economical option than geothermal heat
pumps. Air source heat pumps are slightly less efficient, but the difference does not
significantly impact the emissions reduction potential.
Lifespan estimated from http://blogs.hrblock.com/2013/10/21/the-life-expectancy-of-7major-appliances/
HA7
Cost of program, a complete guess, is $500 per year through 2050. 10% savings of
electricity and propane assumed. Savings equates to $1,400 per year so should result in
~$900 savings per year.
HA8
The assumption of a 10% reduction in electricity and propane consumption is from CAPPA.
This action does not assume any reduction in firewood. Assume $100 per household per
year covers cost of a continuous campaign through 2050 which was roughly derived from
CAPPA. Cost calculated using the home growth rate as predicted in the Community
Statistics page in the GHG inventory spreadsheet which is summarized by the following:
Year
2013
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Total number of homes
290
297
321
339
357
376
396
417
440
Payback period of 1/3 years assumes that a cost savings of $300 per year which equals
10% of estimated per household electricity and propane costs.
HA9
Electricity offset does not assume that homes have heat pumps installed: wood heat is
assumed.
145 existing homes have 50% electricity offset and 150 new homes through 2050 have
100% of electricity offset. This choice was made under the assumption that solar will not be
appropriate for all existing homes, that it is not cost effective to offset 100% of electricity
from existing homes as they are older, and that new homes constructed will be "solar
ready" and more efficient than existing homes such that it is more cost effective to offset
100% of consumed electricity.
Electricity consumption calculations for existing homes: 145 homes at a baseline of
83
13,300kWh minus 2,229 kWh from lighting and appliance upgrades per year per house. 4.4
peak sun hours per day, 73% system efficiency results in a 9.5kW system. Assume 50%
offset so 4.7kW system for 5,500kWh produced per year. Assume $5.50 per watt which
equals roughly $26,000 per system. Rounding to $30,000 to be conservative. GHG savings
= 1.21 MT per house
Electricity calculations for new homes: 150 homes at 75% of baseline consumption
because of housing code and efficient appliances = 9477kWh annually. 4.4 sun hours per
day, 73% system efficiency = 8kW system. Assume 100% offset at $5.50 per watt resulting
in $44,000 per system per home. Roughly $1,400 saved per household per year.
Total cost per home is weighted average between the existing home and new home system
costs.
HA10
Assume 15.8 gallons of hot water per person per day
(http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy11osti/50118.pdf) * 3.75 people per household = 60 gallons per
day per house. Assume 365.25 days per year = 21640 gallons of hot water per year per
house. Assume 67% of hot water is offset from solar (CAPPA). Assume 0.0098 therms per
gallon to make hot water (from CAPPA) = 142 therms per year saved. Assume 142 therms /
0.91333 therms per gallon = 155 gallons of propane saved each year per household for a
savings of $465 per household per year. Assumed system cost of $3,000 per home from
CAPPA.
Assume a lifespan of 20 years such that the system will be replaced once in between now
and 2050. Lifespan estimate from
https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=solar_wheat.pr_savings_benefits
HA11
Cost and payback taken from final project bid document by McKeever Energy & Electric,
Inc.
HA12
Assume 220 gal propane - 2 gallons saved from faucets = 218 gal of propane for hot water
per year. Assume 100% of hot water is offset from solar. Cost from CAPPA assumes $120
per daily gallon of hot water at an assumed 80 gallons per day.
Lifespan estimate from
https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=solar_wheat.pr_savings_benefits
HA13
Assume GSA vehicles are replaced: Hyundai Sonata and Jeep Liberty. 2015 federal GSA
rates (http://www.gsa.gov/portal/category/21852) for midsize sedan averages $329 per
month and $0.204 per mile. Sport Utility 4-door averages $308 per month and $0.262 per
mile. Electric sedan is $171 per month and $0.079 per mile. From GHG inventory, gasoline
cost is estimated at $0.16 per mile. Assume 0.32 kWh/mile = $0.058 per mile at $0.181 per
kWh cost for electric vehicles. Assume average 16,000 miles per year per vehicle. Increase
in emissions from electricity consumption is 2.26 MT CO2 assuming PG&E. This could drop
to zero if Green Option or CCA.
HA14
Assume the VMT traveled by the 8 employees that live in Hoopa close to the HVHA is
reduced in half by implementing a coordinated effort to support a trip reduction campaign.
HA15
Assume zero CO2 from B100. Total lifecycle emissions are comparatively negligible.
Assume emissions reductions from six non-GSA fleet vehicles.
Section 7: Broader Community Actions
C1
CAPCOA Estimate: Actions LUT-1 / LUT-3 estimate a 0.8% - 30% reduction in VMT for
84
increased density and mixed use (negligible impact in a rural context). A 3% reduction in
VMT is assumed if combined with significant community master plan. CO2e is 3% of
residents gas and diesel VMT emissions. Incremental cost and payback is unknown.
C2
C3
Estimated impact is the average between two similar actions in CAPPA.

Green Building Code: assumes a 25% reduction in electricity and wood consumption
with no additional cost to construct a new home to the new code. Assumes $250 per
cord and 215 therms per cord (21.5MMBtu per cord / 0.1MMBtu per therm). Assume
0.5375 therms per square foot per year for space heating (calculated from 2.5 cords of
wood per year). Assume homes are 1,000 square feet each. kWh reduction = 13,328
kWh (baseline existing home) * 0.25 * 148 = 493,159. Saves 108 MT CO2e from
electricity reduction, and 92.5 cords of wood reduced = 18.2 MT CO2e

Residential Code: assumes a 10% reduction in electricity and wood consumption at an
incremental cost of $5,000 per new home to construct it to the new code. Assumes
$250 per cord and 215 therms per cord (21.5MMBtu per cord / 0.1MMBtu per therm).
Assume 538 therms per square foot per year for space heating (calculated from 2.5
cords of wood per year). Assume homes are 1,000 square feet each. Assumed kWh
reduction = 13,328 kWh (baseline existing home) * 0.1 * 148 = 197,263. Saves 44 MT
CO2e from electricity reduction, and 37 cords of wood reduced = 7.3 MT CO2e
Marin Clean Energy (MCE), E-1 Rate, 100% renewable is $0.0058 per kWh greater in cost.
MCE, E-1 CARE Rate, 100% renewable is $0.01 per kWh greater.
Sonoma Clean Power (SCP), E-1 Rate, 100% renewable is $0.035 per kWh greater in cost.
SCP, E-1 CARE Rate, 100% renewable is $0.035 per kWh greater. Incremental cost uses
average of all 4 cost increases. Rate comparisons available at
http://www.pge.com/en/myhome/customerservice/energychoice/communitychoiceaggregati
on/index.page
Cost distributed evenly across the 145 existing homes. Assumes all new homes have 100%
offset from solar and 145 existing have 50% offset from solar.
C4
This is a combination of CAPCOA actions TST-2, TST-3, and TST-4. All actions are not
quantified for rural areas so suburban assumed. Assumed low range for all actions since %
effectiveness reduces from urban to suburban. Result is 0.1% + 0.02% = 0.12% reduction
in VMT for TST-3 and TST-4 respectively. High range for high impact suburban
environment is 0.9% + 0.13% = 1.03% reduction in VMT. Impact of TST-2 is not quantified.
C5
State goals are aiming for 87% of vehicles on the road to be zero tailpipe emissions.
Assume 35% of vehicles on the road on the reservation (2012 DMV data indicates that the
vehicle age of 35% of vehicles in the 95546 zip code area is 10 years or younger).
Quantified emissions are tailpipe, so assume a 30% reduction in transportation emissions
(derated based on the fact that forecast takes into account transportation policies through
2020).
C6
Estimated impact on emissions difficult to quantify
Section 8: Actions for HVHA Residents
R1
Estimated impact on emissions difficult to quantify
R2
Estimated impact on emissions difficult to quantify
R3
Use PG&E's estimated $/kWh increase from their website * the amount of offset kWh.
85
PG&E assumes $0.03 to $0.04 / kWh increase. Cost calculations assume $0.035/kWh.
kWh reduction = 3,863,814 (baseline for 290 homes using existing consumption) minus all
efficiency measures above. Assumes solar electricity measure is implemented. Assumes
average of the reduction potential from the Green Building and Residential Code actions
(because likely only one of these will be implemented).
Cost distributed evenly across all existing homes. Assumes all new homes have 100%
offset from solar and 145 existing homes have 50% offset from solar.
Section 9: Actions to Offset Remaining Emissions
O1
Adds up the estimated emissions reduction potential of all retrofits to existing homes. Since
all retrofit actions assume half of existing homes are retrofitted, potentially their collective
impact could be doubled.
O2
Emissions reduction potential set equal to the remaining emissions that have not been
offset by all other actions in this Plan.
O3
Emissions reduction potential set equal to the remaining emissions that have not been
offset by all other actions in this Plan.
86