Download Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders

Chapter 14
Psychological Disorders
Psychopathology
The scientific study of the origins, symptoms,
and development of psychological problems
Psychological disorders
A pattern of behavioral and psychological
symptoms that cause significant personal
distress, impairs the ability to function in
one or more important areas of daily life, or
both
DSM-IV-TR
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders, Fourth Edition; Text Revision;
Describes the specific symptoms and
diagnostics guidelines for different
psychological disorders
Anxiety
an unpleasant emotional state characterized
by physical arousal and feelings of tension;
apprehension, and worry
Anxiety Disorders
A category of psychological disorders in
which extreme anxiety is the main
diagnostic feature and causes significant
disruptions in the person’s cognitive,
behavioral, or interpersonal functioning
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by
excessive, global and persistent symptoms
of anxiety
Panic Attack
A sudden episode of extreme anxiety that
rapidly escalates in intensity
Panic disorder
An anxiety disorder in which the person
experiences frequent and unexpected panic
attacks
Phobia
An irrational fear triggered by a specific
object or situation
Specific Phobia
An anxiety disorder characterized by an
extreme and irrational fear of a specific
object or situation that interferes with the
ability to function in daily life
Agoraphobia
An anxiety disorder involving the extreme and
irrational fear of experiencing a panic attack
in a public situation and being unable to
escape
Social Phobia
An anxiety disorder involving the extreme and
irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged
or scrutinized by others in social situations
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
(PTSD)
An anxiety disorder in which chronic and
persistent symptoms of anxiety develop in
response to an extreme physical or
psychological trauma
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
An anxiety disorder in which the symptoms of
anxiety are triggered by intrusive , repetitive
thoughts and urges to perform certain
actions
Obsessions
Repeated, intrusive, and uncontrollable
irrational thoughts or mental images that
cause extreme anxiety and distress
Compulsions
Repetitive behavior or mental acts that are
performed to prevent or reduce anxiety
Mood Disorders
A category of mental disorders in which
significant and chronic disruptions in mood
is predominant symptom, causing impaired
cognitive, behavioral, and major physical
functioning
Major Depression
A mood disorder characterized by extreme
and persistent feelings of despondency,
worthlessness, and hopelessness, causing
impaired emotional, cognitive, behavioral,
and physical functioning
Dysthymic Disorder
A mood disorder involving chronic, low-grade
feelings of depression that produce
subjective discomfort but do not seriously
impair the ability to function
Seasonal Affective Disorder
A mood disorder in which episode of
depression typically recur during the fall
and winter and remit during the spring and
summer
Bipolar Disorder
A mood disorder involving periods of
incapacitating depression alternating with
periods of extreme euphoria and excitement
Manic Episode
A sudden, rapidly escalating emotional state
characterized by extreme euphoria,
excitement, physical energy, and rapid
thoughts and speech
Cyclothymic Disorder
A mood disorder characterized by moderate
but frequent mood swings that are not
severe enough to qualify as bipolar disorder
Personality Disorder
Inflexible, maladaptive patterns of thoughts,
emotions, behavior, and interpersonal
functioning that are stable over time and
across situations ,and deviate from the
expectations of the individual’s culture
Paranoid Personality Disorder
A personality disorder characterized by a
pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of the
motives of others without sufficient basis
Antisocial Personality Disorder
A personality disorder characterized by a
pervasive pattern disregarding and violating
the rights of others
Borderline personality disorder
A personality disorder characterized by
instability of interpersonal relationships,
self-image, and emotions, and marked
impulsively
Dissociative Experience
A break or disruption in consciousness during
which awareness, memory, and personal
identity become separated or divided.
Dissociative Disorders
A category of psychological disorders in
which extreme and frequent disruptions of
awareness, memory, and personal identity
impair the ability to function
Dissociative amnesia
A dissociative disorder involving the partial or
total inability to recall important personal
information
Dissociative Fugue
A dissociative disorder involving sudden and
unexpected travel away from home,
extensive amnesia, and identity confusion
Dissociative Identity Disorder
(DID)
A dissociative disorder involving extensive
memory disruptions along with the presence
of two or more distinct identities, or
personalities
Schizophrenia
A mental disorder in which the ability to
function is impaired by severely distorted
beliefs, perceptions, or thoughts
positive Symptoms
In schizophrenia, symptoms that reflect
excesses or distortions of normal
functioning, including delusions,
hallucinations, and disorganized thoughts
and behavior
Negative Symptoms
In schizophrenia, symptoms that reflect
defects or deficits in normal functioning,
including flat affect, algoia, and avolition
Delusion
A falsely held belief that persist in spite of
contradictory evidence
Hallucinations
A false or distorted perception that seems
vividly real to the person experiencing it.
Dopamine hypothesis
The view that schizophrenia is related to, and
may be caused by, excess activity of the
neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain