Download February 1, 2012

History Notes
5/30/2012 5:20:00 PM
February 1, 2012
Rome
Legendary History
~ According to legend, Romulus founded Rome in 753 B.C.
~ Legend begins after Aeneas- Trojan War hero- settles in Italy
~ legend- popular story from earlier times that cannot be proved
~ Aeneas descendants- twins Romulus and Remus
The Founding of Rome
~ Twins fought over city’s position; Romulus killed Remus
~ Romulus traced Rome’s boundaries around Palatine Hill
~ Raman kings rules city until conquered by Etruscans in 600s B.C.
~ Romans over threw Etruscans in 509 B.C.
~ Formed early republic- government in which people elect leaders
Geography
~ Why was Rome’s location so favorable?
~ Hills and River
~ In reality, Latin’s settled in Rome
~ Mild climate, good farmland, strategic location
~ Built city on seven hills; lived on hilltops
~ city was close to Mediterranean Sea and its trade routes
~ Lay next to Tiber River, which aided trade and provided protection
Italian Peninsula
~ Peninsula- land surrounded on three sides by water
~ Roman ships could sail to other lands surrounding Mediterranean
~ Helped in conquering new territories developing trade routes
~ Alps, Apennines mountains protected Rome, but didn’t isolate it
~ Italy’s large plains made easier than in Greece
~ They established olive oil and that was very important to them
~ Olive oil is made from a sunflower
Review Question
~ How did its geography help Rome grow?
~ It helped by the way the culture spread and the way they got close because of the geography
February 2, 2012
Early Roman People
~ Latin’s: ancestors of the Romans
~ Herders and farmers: settled along the Tiber River along the 7 hills
~ Etruscans: ruled central and northern Italy
~ Came from Asia Minor (Eastern Mediterranean)
~ Called themselves Tyrrhenian in honor of their king
~ Romans borrowed Etruscan alphabet, arch, and worshipped similar gods/goddesses
~ Greeks: settled in southern Italy/Sicily
Etruscan Origins
~ Knowledge of the Etruscan way of life comes from their death
~ Kept the ashes of their dead in urns
~ Loved games: chariot races, wrestling, boxing, discus, dice, handball, & knucklebones
The Roman Republic
~ Romans drove out Etruscan rulers around 509 B.C.
~ Set up a Republic: (govt. of the people)
~ Senate: most powerful governing body made up of 300 patricians (landholding upper class):
served for life
Roman Senate Continued!
~ Two consuls were elected from the patrician class
~ Job was to consult with the Senate, supervise business of the govt. and command the armies
February 6, 2012
Section 1: Rome Study Sheets
~ According to myth lore, who were the mother and father of Romulus and Remus?
~ What group made all the laws and controlled the government in Early Republic? Why might
this be a problem?
~ List 3 major attributes the Roman adopt from the Etruscans?
~ Define Patricians?
~ Define Plebeians?
~ Define dictator? How long do they serve? Problems?
February 7, 2012
Plebeians Demand Equality
~ Plebeians (commoners): farmers, merchants, artisans, and traders
~ Made efforts to gain power
~ 450 B.C.: 12 Tables of Law set up in the Forum --- made it possible for plebeians to appeal
decision of a judge
~ Later gained right to elect tribunes (10) to protect their interests
~ Tribunes could veto (block) laws that weren’t in the interest of common people
Roman Society
~ What were the Twelve Tables of Law?
~ The Twelve Tables represent an early attempt by the Romans to form a system of civil law for
their simple farming society. They were open up to the public so everyone can see.
~ Explain the status Roman fathers had within their family.
~ Every five years, each male Roman citizen had to register in Rome for the census. In this he
had to declare his family, wife, children, slaves and riches. Should he fail to do this, his
possessions would be confiscated and he would be sold into slavery.
~ What did most mother and wives do? How do they compare to Greek women?
~ Freeborn women in ancient Rome were citizens, but could not vote or hold political office.
Because of their limited public role, women were less frequently named than men by Roman
historians. But while Roman women held no direct political power, those from wealthy or
powerful families could and did exert influence through private negotiations.
~ Were most children educated and what were they taught?
~ Some and perhaps many girls went to a public primary school. Ovid and Martial imply that
boys and girls were educated either together or similarly, and Livy takes it for granted that the
daughter of a centurion would be in school. Children of the elite were taught Greek as well as
Latin from an early age. Children of both genders learned to behave socially by attending dinner
parties and other events. Girls as well as boys participated in religious festivals; both girls and
boys sang formal compositions in choirs, for instance, at the Secular Games in 17 BC.
~ List 5 Roman Gods and explain their areas of influence.
~ Jupiter, king of the gods, Juno, queen of the gods, Neptune, god of the sea, Pluto, god of the
underworld, and Mercury, Messenger of the gods.
February 8, 2012
Engineering an Empire Video: Rome
~ Gaul
~ Built a bridge in 10 days
~ Caesar had too much power
~ Rome has issues right now
~ Leader for five years
Roman Society Continued
~ Family: basic unit of society
~ Male head of household (usually father) had absolute power
~ Enforced discipline
~ Demanded respect
~ Women: played a larger role than Greek women
~ Could run businesses, attend baths, theater and public entertainment- supported arts and public
festivals
~ Most worked at home, however
Education
~ Girls and boys learned to read and write
~ Wealthy Romans hired private tutors (from Greece) to supervise education of children
~ Rhetoric was important subject for boys who wanted to purpose political success
Religion
~ Gods/goddesses resembled Greek and Etruscan deities
~ Statues and temples built throughout Rome
~ Festivals honored the deities
February 9, 2012
Question Review
~ What does the word Punic mean?
~ Relating to ancient Carthage, its inhabitants, or their language.
~ Who fought in Punic Wars? How many were there?
~ Rome and Carthage fought in the Punic Wars, but Rome won the war. Most historians break
up the conflict between Carthage and Rome war into two or three separate conflicts. The First
occurred from 264-241 BC the Second from 218 - 201BC and the Third lasted from 148- 146
BC. Some either combine the last two or ignore the last one all together, as the Third was more
of a siege on New Carthage proper then a full-scale war.
~ Summarize w/ bullets (search) (of the wars)
- Causes:
~ Back in the very old days, Aeneas the Trojan and his comrades who survived the Trojan war
sails to Italy and tried to build new Troy. On the other hand, there is prophecy that the
descendants of the Trojan will one day destroy Carthage. Hera loves Carthage a lot. She asked
Aeolus to destroy to ship of the Trojans. It backfired, the Trojans are sent to Carthage. The queen
Dido fell in love with Aeneas. Aeneas stays and helped Dido building Carthage. Zeus was mad
because Aeneas was forgetful of his destiny. He was asked to sail to Italy and leave Carthage.
Dido was mad and made that curse. One day either her or her descends will get revenge. The
Romans are the descents of the Trojans. That's what caused the war.
- Events:
~ Any of the three wars (264-241, 218-201, and 149-146 B.C.) fought between Rome and
Carthage, resulting ultimately in the destruction of Carthage and the gain by the Romans of its
territory in Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Africa, and Spain.
-Results:
~ Rome won the war.
~ Explain who Tiberius and Gaius Grachus were?
~ Tiberius Grachus was a Roman Populates politician of the 2nd century BC and brother of
Gaius Gracchus. As a plebeian tribune, his reforms of agrarian legislation caused political
turmoil in the Republic. These reforms threatened the holdings of rich landowners in Italy. He
was murdered, along with many of his supporters, by members of the Roman Senate and
supporters of the conservative Optimize faction. Gaius Grachus was a Roman tribune (123 – 122
BC). He joined the outcry over the murder of his brother, Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus and
helped implement his agrarian law. He combined the votes of plebeians and equites to pass
reforms aimed at curbing the corruption of the nobility. His attempts to extend citizenship to
Rome's Italian allies and more freedom to plebeians were unpopular. Though he came from an
aristocratic family, his policies were seen by extreme conservatives as an attempt to destroy the
aristocracy. He committed suicide while under siege on the Aventine Hill.
~ Imperialism: a stronger nation conquering a weaker nation.
~ Province
February 10, 2012
Questions
~ Please complete section 3 review of Chapter 6 questions 1-3
February 15, 2012
Republic to Empire
~ Main Idea:
~ Government and social problems led to the end of the Roman Republic and the creation of a
new form of government.
~ Problems in the Late Republic:
~ By the mid-100s BC, Rome had rival anywhere in the Mediterranean world. However, the
responsibilities of running their vast holdings stretched the Roman political system to its limits.
~ Social Unrest:
~ Revolution began in political, social institutions
~ Tensions grew between classes of Roman society
~ Gracchi brothers tried to resolve tension.
~ Soldier-Farmers:
~ Tribune Tiberius Gracchus noted mistreatment of soldier-farmers
~ Many reduced to poverty
~ Tiberius brother Gaius tried to help soldiers.
~ Public Land:
~ Gracchi tried to redistribute public land to farmers
~ Had public support, but Senate feared Gracchi trying to reduce its power
~ Senate urged mobs to kill brothers.
~ Rome Becomes an Empire:
~ Sulla paved the way for major changes in Rome’s government. The end of the Republic
resulted from the ambitions of a few individuals.
~ The First Triumvirate:
~ Julius Caesar, Gnaeus Pompey, Licinus Crassus helped bring end to Republic.
~ Caesar, Pompey successful military commanders
~ Crassus one of the wealthiest people in Rome
~ 60 BC, the three took over Roman state, ruled as First Triumvirat
~ End Of Triumvirate:
~ Crassus died; Pompey, Caesar fought civil war
~ Caesar defeated Pompey, took full control of Rome, and became dictator for life, 44 BC
~ Caesar brought many changes to Rome, popular reforms
~ Senate feared he would destroy Roman Republic, murdered him, ides of March
February 20, 2012
Review for Test
~ First 2 sections of chapter 6 in textbook
~ Short answers: origins of Rome, geography, how it played a part in Rome’s creation, Tiber
River, political scene in the early republic what does it look like, Punic Wars causes, events,
results, how does Rome become and empire
~ 25 multiple choice
February 23, 2012
From the Republic to the Empire (Imperial Rome)
* Julius Caesar (kind of called a dictator)
~ Caesar was a nephew of Marius and he favored Marius’ liberal policies and social reform
~ In the 50s B.C., Caesar led an army that conquered Gaul and made him very popular
~ Gaul (now mostly France)
~ In 49 Caesar marched his army to Rome and by early 46 he had named himself dictator
~ But instead of constitutional six month term, Caesar claimed to be dictator for life
~ But Caesar’s reforms alienated many of Rome’s elite who considered him a tyrant
~ In 44 B.C. they assassinated him
~ However it was too late to return to the old conservative ways and a new round of civil crisis
ensued for thirteen years (Octavian emerged in power)
February 24, 2012
First Triumvirate
~ Dominated Rome for 10 years
~ When Crassus dies Pompey Caesar become rivals
~ Caesar was becoming famous winning victories in Gaul
~ Senate ordered Caesar to return to Rome, they wee afraid of his growing power
~ Caesar returns to takes control of Rome
First Consul Caesar
~ 44 B.C. Caesar appointed dictator and tried to reform the government
~ Granted citizenship to the provinces outside of Italy
~ Senate enlarged had to use free laborers for 1/3 of their work force
~ Public works program
~ Used colonies in Spain, France, etc. to provide land for landless poor
~ Designed a new, accurate calendar
Caesar’s Death
~ Conspiracy by Roman Senators
~ Brutus and Cassius helped assassinate him
~ They killed Caesar for his ambition and disregard for the Roman Constitution
~ The senators thought they had saved the Roman Republic but it was already dead
Second Triumvirate
~ Octavian
~ Mark Anthony
~ Lepidus
~ Civil conflict follows death of Caesar
~ Nephew Octavian fights and defeats Mark Anthony & Cleopatra
~ Takes title Augustus 27 B.C
Now Rome is an Empire Not a Republic
~ The Senate and the Assembly continued to meet
~ Augustus Caesar (First Emperor) continued to address the Senate
~ Senate played along
~ Octavian ruled as a dictator for 41 years
February 28, 2012
Augustus (27 BCE- 14 CE)
~ Augustus was the first emperor of Rome. He established the principate, the form of
government under which Rome ruled the empire for 300 years. He had an extraordinary talent
for constructive statesmanship and sought to preserve the best traditions of republican Rome.
The century in which Augustus was born was a period of rapid change and, finally, civil war for
Rome. Of the many factors, which led to the civil wars, two are of crucial importance for
understanding his career. By the middle of the 1st century B.C. Rome had conquered nearly all
the lands bordering the Mediterranean, and Caesar's conquest of Gaul in 49 B.C. brought
transalpine Europe into the sphere of Roman influence.
Caligula (37-41)
Claudius (41-54)
Nero (54-68)
February 29, 2012
The Pax Romana
~ Augustus’ reign started 200 year period known as Pax Romana – Roman peace
~ 27 BC to AD 180 was peaceful and stable
~ **ONLY INSTABILITY** was transfer of power – law didn’t provide easy succession of
Emperors
Awesome Augustus (27 B.C. – 14 A.D.)
~ Often said Emperor Augustus, “Found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble.”
~ Unified and enlarged Roman Empire using imperial authority and strong military
The Julian Emperors
~ Augustus dies in A.D. 14
~ 4 emperors who follow are the Julian emperors = all related to Julius Caesar
Tiberius (14-37 A.D.)
~ Very unpopular
~ Known for making poor decisions and for attacking his enemies
~ Said that ruling Rome was like “holding a wolf by it’s ears.”
Crazy Caligula (37-41 A.D.)
~ Caligula takes over in A.D. 37
~ Grand-nephew to Tiberius
~ Brutal, corrupt, mentally disturbed
~ Names his horse to be a consul
~ Praetorian Guard assassinated Crazy Caligula in A.D. 41
Crippled Claudius (41-54 A.D.)
~ Paralyzed uncle of Caligula takes over in A.D. 41
~ Very smart, great leader
~ His humility made him very popular
~ Dies in A.D. 54
~ Stepson Nero takes the throne
The Good Emperors
~ Good Emperors rule from A.D. 96-180
~ Include:
~ Nerva- appointed by Senate, popular with people, not with military
~ Trajan- extended empire to its furthest reaches
~ Hadrian- Builds Wall across north Britain to protect against invaders (secured the Roman
borders)
~ Antoninus Pius
~ Marcus Aurelius- Respected scholar (His death in A.D. 180 ends the Pax Romana)
March 1, 2012
Roman Expansion
~ As an empire grows what are the needs of growing territory?
~ Water; and irrigation system; aqueducts; fresh water supply
~ Infrastructure; the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for
the operation of a society (roads, buildings, power supply, transportation,
communication, education)
~ Food; agriculture, land types
~ Shelter; housing, protection
~ Code of laws; police force; military/ army
~ Cultural diffusion; trade (ideas, weaponry, economic situations, food, supplies)
~ Economics (money)
~ Alliances
Engineering an Empire
~ Claudius had the biggest impact on the Roman water system. He built two major aqueducts
(Aqua Claudia), which dramatically increased the amount of water coming into Rome.
March 2, 2012
Marcus Aurelius
~ Marcus Aurelius was born in AD 121. The Emperor Hadrian oversaw his early education, and
the Emperor Antoninus Pius later adopted him in AD 138. After an initial education in rhetoric
undertaken by Fronto, Marcus later abandoned it in favor of philosophy. Marcus became
Emperor himself in AD 161, initially alongside Lucius Verus, becoming sole Emperor in AD
169. Continual attacks meant that much of his reign was spent on campaign, especially in central
Europe. However, he did find time to establish four Chairs of Philosophy in Athens, one for each
of the principal philosophical traditions (Platonic, Aristotelian, Stoic, and Epicurean). He died in
AD 180.
March 5, 2012
Homework
~ Page 135 Question #3 Guided Reading: (What were the strengths and weaknesses of the
Roman empire?)
~ The Roman Empire, which existed from 100 BC- 50 AD, was a great civilization. This Empire
spread from Italy to Western Europe, Mesopotamia and Egypt. The Roman Empire was a big,
strong and advanced society. However, this society also had serious weaknesses, which brought
its downfall. The Romans were strong since they had very good armies. Their armies were well
disciplined and well organized to go in and win. Then they made the people of their newly
conquered land pay taxes and drafted their armies into the Roman army. The success of the
Roman army was also due to the advanced engineering skills of the Romans in building roads.
The roads had a stone surface, which also allowed water to run off to the sides. As a result,
armies and supply routes were able to move quickly in large numbers. The Roman roads were
built all over the empire. Travelers also used the excellent roads to go from place to place. This
helped traders throughout the Roman Empire. Ideas and knowledge were spread with the
travelers, too. The Romans were also advanced in building aqueducts, plumbing systems,
harbors, and buildings. The Romans not only had a strong army, but they also had a strong
government. The Roman government consisted of an emperor with absolute power and a Roman
Senate. Pax Romana, or Roman peace, lasted for 200 years under the Roman Caesars.
Sometimes this government was good and sometimes it was bad. There were Emperors who
didn't over tax their people, while others did. Some Emperors also used the wealth to help the
economy, while others used all the wealth for themselves. One of the greatest strengths of the
Roman Empire was its justice system. The Roman rule of Law and Justice created stability and
unity. All people were equal under the law. You could face your prosecutor. You were innocent
till proven guilty. Even though the Roman Empire was a great civilization, there were a few
problems in the Empire. The Empire was too big to defend all its borders. Corrupt power hungry
officers often led the armies. Government officials were also corrupt. There were revolts from
too many taxes. The Roman Empire spread its culture throughout the world. It was a formidable
enemy. This great civilization only fell because of greed. However, the influence of the Roman
Empire is still recognizable today in architecture and modern legal systems. The world is a better
place due to our government and judicial system that we took from the Romans.
~ What are some of the positives and negatives with the growing of and Empire?
~ POSITIVES: cultural diffusion because of Greece Persia, a larger population to draw a
military from, more land which means greater agriculture/territory, infrastructure, control of
trade routes, economics.
~ NEGATIVES: becomes harder to unify, harder to protect all of its borders if the empire is too
large, rebellion and resistance, limited food supply, merging of social classes.
Video Analysis
~ Commodus (son of Marcus Aurelius): plunges Rome in a bunch of wars, mentally unstable,
expected to gain the thrown
~
March 7, 2012
Page 143 Numbers 1, 2, and 5
Greco-Roman Civilization
~ The blending of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman traditions
~ When Rome absorbed ideas from people in the Greek culture in southern Italy
~ Trade and travel during the Pax Romana helped spread this vital new civilization
Pantheon
~ The most famous domed structure
~ A temple dedicated to the Roman gods
~ Still stands in Rome
Pliny
~ A roman scientist
~ Complied volumes on geography, zoology, botany(study of plants), and other topics
~ Died due to suffocation from a Volcano
Virgil
~ Wrote the epic poem the “Aeneid”
~ Tried to show that Rome’s past was as heroic as that of Greece
~ Hoped this would arouse patriotism and unite Rome after years of civil wars
Livy
~ Sought to arouse patriotic feeling and restore traditional Roman virtues by recalling images of
~ Rome’s heroic past
~ Recounted tales of great heroes
Civil law
~ The system of law that Rome developed
~ It applied to many of their citizens
~ As Rome expanded, foreigners were not part of this civil law so they created the law of nations
Law of nations
~ The second system of law
~ It applied to all people under the Roman rule, citizens and noncitizens
Aqueduct
~ Bridge like stone structures that brought water from the hills into Roman cities
~ Freshwater was important to the Romans so that they could bathe
What practical skills did the Romans develop?
~ Practical arts of building
~ Perfecting their engineering skills as they built roads, bridges and harbors through the empire
~ Roman roads were built so solidly that they were still used even after the Roman Empire fell
~ Aqueducts
March 12, 2012
The fall of The Roman Empire
(Before the fall)
~ The Roman Empire became huge
~ It covered most of Europe, North Africa, and some of Asia
~ The Empire kept expanding under Emperor Diocletian
The Decline Begins
~ 180 CE Marcus Aurelius died
~ His son, Commodus, took control of Rome
~ Commodus was a poor leader, killed by his bodyguard
~ Time of disarray follows
Political Problems
~ Poor leaders weakened the government Frequent fights for power
~ Many officials took bribes
~ Talented people chose not to serve due to dangers of government life
Social Problems
~ Taxes were too great, many rich people stopped paying
~ People stopped attending school
~ Large number of people enslaved
~ Plague (disease) spread throughout Rome, killing 1 in 10
~ Famine: There was not enough food to feed people
Economic Problems
~ Farmers lost land, unable to grow and sell crops, out of work (and famine)
~ People brought fewer goods, shops closed
~ Inflation occurred: Rapidly rising prices. Money lost value because fewer taxes paid
~ Coins lost value. Less gold put in people found out (caused inflation)
~ Bartering grew sell goods without using money
~ No taxes, no money
Military Problems
~ Military only in it for money (mercenaries)
~ No money to pay military= weak military
~ Constant threat of invaders on empire’s borders
~ Weak military, unable to stop border invasions
March 13, 2012
The fall of Rome
~ Internal Forces: 3 main categories:
~ Political: Leadership
~ Economic: Wealthy vs. have not’s
~ Social: Conditions of cities, violence, and regression
~ External Forces: 2 man things:
~ Managing conquered territories
~ Invaders, also called barbarians
March 15, 2012
Diocletian
~ 284 CE, Diocletian became emperor
~ Tried reforms (political changes)
~ Set price limits (if a person went beyond limits, put to death) and ordered workers to stay in
jobs to death
Dividing the Empire
~ Diocletian felt that the only way to save the empire was to divide it in half
~ Created two empires: Western and Eastern
~ Western Empire: Europe/ North Africa and city of Rome
~ Eastern Empire: Turkey/ Asia and city of Byzantium
~ Two emperors, emperor in charge of Rome was senior
Constantine
~ Diocletian retired and Constantine took his place as emperor
~ Constantine (312 CE) united the empire again under on ruler
~ First Christian emperor
~ Edict of Milan
~ Attempted reforms
~ Main reform: sons had to follow fathers’ trade
Constantinople
~ Rome continued to decline
~ Constantine moved the capital from Rome to city of Byzantium
~ City name changed to Constantinople (today in Istanbul)
March 20, 2012
Textbook page 151 #1-2
~ Diocletian: an emperor that set out to restore order. He divided it into two parts. He kept
control of the wealthier eastern part himself but appointed a co-emperor to rule the western
provinces. The co-emperor was responsible to Diocletian, who retained absolute power.
~ Constantine: in 312, he gained thrown. As an emperor, he continued Diocletian’s reforms.
More important, he took two steps that changed the course of European history. He granted
toleration to Christians. By doing so, he encouraged the rapid growth of Christianity within the
empire and guaranteed its future success. He also built the capital, Constantinople, on the
Bosporus, the strait that connects the Black and Mediterranean seas. By making his capital here,
he made eastern portion of the empire the center of power. The Western Roman Empire was in
decline, but the eastern Rome empire, which had more people and greater resources, would
prosper for centuries to come.
~ Huns: a nomadic people who migrated across Central Asia. The Hums reached Eastern Europe
by 350. These skilled riders fought fierce battles to dislodge the Germanic peoples in their path.
~ Visigoths: sought safety by crossing into Roman territory. Men armed with spears moved in
bands along with women and children, carts and herds, hoping to settle on Roman land.
~ Alaric: Visigoth’s general
~ Attila: the Hun leader that embarked on a savage campaign of conquest across much of
Europe. Christians called Attila the “scourge of God” because they believed his attacks were a
punishment for the sins of humankind. He died in 453. Although his empire collapsed soon after,
the Hun invasion sent still more Germanic peoples fleeing into the Roman Empire.
~ Odoacer: Germanic leader. Because of that they blamed him for the “fall of Rome”
~ Mercenary: foreign soldiers serving for pay.
March 23, 2012
The Barbarian Invasions: The Migration Period in Europe (300-700 C.E.)
End of the Roman Empire
~ 476 C.E:
~ Traditional date for the end of the Roman Empire
~ “Barbarian” Germanic general Odoacer deposed the last western Roman emperor, Romulus
Augustus
~ Who were these barbarians who are charged with ultimately bringing down the Roman Empire
Who were the Barbarians?
~ Barbarians- term applied by the Romans to any group they considered uncivilized
- From a Greek word meaning “anyone who is not Greek”
~ Barbarians were all of the groups/tribes living in Europe
- Europe was not populated like it is today
- Different tribes were migrating around the continent
- For example: “Germanic tribes” describes a lot of different tribes who lived in the general
area now called Germany, but they did not think of themselves as “Germans,” and went on to
eventually found completely different countries, such as the Germanic Franks founding
France
The Barbarians…
~ The Visigoth’s
~ They moved from Dacia (now in Romania) into the Roman Empire. The Visigoths origins
are with the Theruingi a group comprised of several peoples – Slavs, Germans, Sarmatians
and others – under the recently acquired leadership of Gothic Germans. Alaric I (Gothic:
Alareiks; 370 - 410) was the King of the Visigoths from 395–410. Alaric is most famous for
his sack of Rome in 410, which marked a decisive event in the decline of the Roman Empire.
~ The Goth’s
~ Goths, ancient Teutonic people, who in the 3rd to the 6th century AD were an important
power in the Roman world. The Goths were the first Germanic peoples to become Christians.
According to the 6th-century Gothic historian Jordanes, the Goths came from Sweden across
the Baltic Sea to the basin of the Wis³a (Vistula) River. By the 3rd century AD they had
migrated as far south as the lower Danube, around the Black Sea. During that century Gothic
armies and fleets ravaged Thrace, Dacia, and cities in Asia Minor and along the Aegean
coast. They captured and plundered Athens in 267 to 268, and threatened Italy. For about a
century, wars between the Roman emperors and Gothic rulers devastated the Balkan territory
and the northeastern Mediterranean region. Other tribes joined the Goths, and under the great
king Ermanaric in the 4th century, a kingdom was established that extended from the Baltic
Sea to the Black Sea.
~ The Franks
~ Kingdom in Gaul
~ Became known as “France” after the Franks
~ United under King Clovis (loved circa 466-511 CE)
~ First king of France (ruled 481-511 CE)
~ Married Christian Burgundian princes, Clotilde
~ Converted to Christianity
~ The Vandals
~ Vandal was a Germanic people belonging to the family of East Germans. Tacitus in his
Germania uses the term “Vandilii”. They settled between the Elbe and Vistula. At the time of
the Marcomannic War (166-81 AD) they lived in what is now Silesia. During the 3rd century
when the Roman Empire was in crisis with many powerful enemies at their borders, the
Vandals and their ally Sarmatians did invade the Roman territory along upper Rhine River in
AD 270. About AD 271 AD the Roman Emperor Aurelian was obliged to protect the middle
course of the Danube against them. In AD 330 Constantine the Great granted them lands in
Pannonia on the right bank of the Danube. Vandals accepted Arian Christianity during the
reign of Emperor Valens in the AD 360’s. Before this, there is mention of two branches of
the Vandal Confederacy: the Siling Vandals in the northwest and the Asding Vandals in the
south.
~ The Hun’s
~ The Huns were a group of nomadic people who, appearing from east of the Volga River,
migrated into Europe c. AD 370 and established the vast Hunnic Empire there. Since de
Guignes linked them with the Xiongnu, who had been northern neighbours of China 300
years prior to the emergence of the Huns, considerable scholarly effort has been devoted to
investigating such a connection. However, there is no scholarly consensus on a direct
connection between the dominant element of the Xiongnu and that of the Huns. Priscus
mentions that the Huns had a language of their own; little of it has survived and its
relationships have been the subject of debate for centuries. According to predominant
theories, theirs was a Turkic language. 744 Numerous other languages were spoken within
the Hun pax including East Germanic. 202 Their main military technique was mounted
archery. The Huns may have stimulated the Great Migration, a contributing factor in the
collapse of the Western Roman Empire. They formed a unified empire under Attila the Hun,
who died in 453; their empire broke up the next year. Their descendants, or successors with
similar names, are recorded by neighboring populations to the south, east, and west as having
occupied parts of Eastern Europe and Central Asia approximately from the 4th century to the
6th century. Variants of the Hun name are recorded in the Caucasus until the early 8th
century.
~ The Mongols
~ About 1162, there was born to a noble clan of the Mongols a child named Temuchin. He
grew in prestige and powers the way any charismatic individual did in that society, by
success in raiding and clan warfare. It was common for charismatic leaders among Asiatic
nomads to assemble short-lived confederations as large in area as the United States, only to
have them disintegrate when the ruler died or lost his power. By 1206 Temuchin had done
what no other tribal leader had ever done before: assemble all the Mongol tribes under a
single ruler. At a ceremony in that year he was given the title Khan of Khans and the
honorific name by which he is better known to history - Genghis Khan. What separates
Genghis Khan (1162-1227) from all his predecessors is that Genghis extended his authority
over a vast region and created institutions to perpetuate Mongol power.
~ The Saxons
~ Following the departure of the Romans in A.D.410 and after the sacking of Rome, Britain
was left unprotected. The distant dominions frantic call to Rome went unheard. Mutiny
spread through the ranks of the British defenders remaining who were now descendants of
Roman stock. Britain in desperation declared independence from Rome and defended itself
the best way it could. Despite this sudden change in fortune for Britain, the Roman lifestyle
continued, if on a downward path for the next fifty years. The departure of the Romans did
not go un-noticed by the Picts, Scots and especially the Saxons, who saw Britain as a
prosperous and plunderable asset. The problems with the Picts and Scots had been going on
for quite some time but the northern British defenders had little problem seeing off their
attacks around the position of Hadrian's Wall, as their numbers were limited. As time went
by however, the country slowly and sadly degenerated back to the way it was four hundred
years earlier. It became much more tribal. Britain was only Britain by name. It had split into
England, Scotland and Wales, each area further sub-divided into cultural regions, each with
its own king or ruler. If the Romans had stayed, it is very unlikely that the separate countries
that now comprise the British Isles would exist. To say that the country was in total anarchy
was not true in the beginning. To counter the threat of the Saxons, coastal and estuary
defences were erected, and possibly some of the old Roman ones repaired. So there must
have still been some co-ordination left. These stretched from the Wash in East Anglia to the
Isle of Wight in the south of England. The removal of the Roman fleet left the coast
vulnerable to attack.
~ Where are they from? Then and Now?
~ What are their origins?
~ Leaders (most famous)
~ Settlement if applicable
~ Some claims to fame
March 27, 2012
The fall of Rome… The Rise of the Dark Ages
~ What were the Dark Ages?
~ The “Dark Ages” are commonly considered to be the early part of the period known as the
middle Ages. Often the term Dark Ages refers to the initial five hundred years following the
fall of Rome in 476. It is thought of as beginning around 450 AD and continuing till 1000
AD. During this time period Rome and other cities deteriorated because of the invasions of
barbarians from northern and central Europe. Since there was no longer an imperial authority
with the power to protect the citizens of the cities, the urban population declined sharply
during this period of history. Another consequence of the lack of a strong central power was
the development of the feudal system especially from 900-1150 AD. During this feudal age,
most parishes had rural populations and towns tended to be smaller less numerous. The
feudal lord’s armies that provided security and safety to the peasants and townspeople from
the invading barbarians guarded Castles and walled towns. One of the consequences of the
feudal system was the decline in church structures because of feudalistic pressures and
control that was put upon them. It was during this time that a new religious movement called
monasticism developed. After the establishment of the Benedictine order at Monte Casino in
529 AD, monasticism spread quickly throughout the medieval church and the monastery
replaced the functions of the early church and became a link between the classical city and
medieval city. The withdrawal of the church from cities to monasteries caused the church to
be oriented more inwardly than outwardly. While sometimes the church is blamed for the
spiritual darkness of the Dark Ages, in many ways it was the only light, no matter how dim,
that shone in the darkness of surrounding barbarism and heathenism. During this time it was
the priests and the monks that saved from the ruins of the Roman Empire the treasures of
classical literature—along with the Holy Scriptures and patristic writings—and preserved
them for the future. Certainly while the light that shone was more from ecclesiastical
tradition and not always the clear light found in the Word of God, nevertheless it was light in
the dark days of that time and it continued until the Reformation brought the true full light of
Christ back to the world. Yet even throughout this spiritually dark time Christ had His
witnesses in all ages and countries. The Dark Ages were an early medieval period of western
European history. Specifically, the term refers to the time (476–800) when there was no
Roman (or Holy Roman) emperor in the West; or, more generally, to the period between
about 500 and 1000, which was marked by frequent warfare and a virtual disappearance of
urban life. Historians because of the value judgment it implies now rarely use it. Though
sometimes taken to derive it’s meaning from the fact that little was then known about the
period, the term's more usual and pejorative sense is of a period of intellectual darkness and
barbarity.
~ http://www.gotquestions.org/dark-ages.html
~ http://www.history.com/topics/dark-ages
~ What were the causes of the Dark Ages?
~ The beginning of the Dark Ages is usually dated to the deposition of the last Roman
Emperor, Romulus Augustulus, in 476 AD. It is widely held that following this event Europe
was plunged into the Dark Ages by the combination of the Germanic invasions and the
spread of Christianity. Many documentaries and books depict barbaric hordes of German
Goths, Vandals and Other tribes descending on the Roman provinces in the 400 and 500’s
AD and destroying the high culture of the Mediterranean Basin. This disaster was supposedly
supplemented by the spread of a backward, superstition ridden Christianity. Early Christians
are usually depicted as not only backward and superstitious but also devoted to ignorant,
anti-intellectual blind faith and according to this received version of history the combination
of these two cultural calamities plunged Europe into ten centuries of chaos which destroyed
classical learning and economic prosperity. This is the anti-Christian picture that was
popularized by Edward Gibbon in 1776 with his publication of the very widely read “Decline
and Fall of the Roman Empire.” It was a theme picked up by many who followed and is still
prominent today. If you believe this scenario you should definitely read “Mohammed and
Charlemagne” by Henri Pirenne, after you read this book you will realize that the above is an
extremely inaccurate picture of what actually happened. Pirenne was a leading medieval
scholar of the early Twentieth Century. He published “Mohammed and Charlemagne” in
1937 long before the current chaos in the Middle East. His ideas were widely accepted
among the academics of his time but unfortunately have been largely forgotten or ignored of
late. The basic argument of the book is simple; the Fall of the Roman Empire is normally
dated to 476 AD when the last Western Roman Emperor was deposed by the Odoacer the
leader of Germanic Foederati. In the aftermath of this action German Tribes moved into Italy
and other Roman provinces and established a series of Gothic Kingdoms. The current view is
that Europe then plunged directly into the Dark Ages. However when Pirenne examined
everyday life inside the provinces of the former Roman Empire following the Germanic
invasions he found that little changed. The aqueducts and sanitation systems continued to
work, the schools remained open, taxes were collected, the road system was maintained,
foreign trade was abundant, money was coined and the standard of living remained high. His
detailed examination of the period’s records shows very clearly that life continued virtually
unchanged for the next 250 years. This is no surprise, as it must be remembered that the
German invaders had no desire to destroy the Roman Empire, their objective was to live in it
and enjoy the fruits of its higher standard of living. While the Germans did initially engage in
taking of booty and pillage they nevertheless soon settled down and adopted the Roman way
of life. They adopted Roman agricultural practices, Roman law, Christianity and in most
areas Romance languages. The Coming of the Dark Ages: However when we get to the early
700’s AD life begins to change drastically: coinage disappears, artisans are forced to give up
their trades and go back to living on the land, books disappear, schools close, the roads and
aqueducts and other infrastructure are no longer maintained and the standard of living
throughout the Roman world begins to decline sharply. What happened? The answer is quite
simple. This was when the Islamic armies began their war against the West. Starting in the
late 600’s AD these armies invaded Egypt, North Africa and the old Fertile Crescent area.
With them they not only brought Islam they also brought practices, which resulted in
economic catastrophe for the entire region from which it has never recovered even to this
day. Roman, Egyptian and Persian agricultural practices were destroyed in most of the
conquered territories. As a result food production plummeted and ancient agribusiness was
replaced by subsistence farming. Cities were abandoned as their inhabitants were forced back
on to the land in order to avoid starvation. The Fertile Crescent area of Iraq and Iran suffered
particularly harshly as the loss of the old technology, especially well planned irrigation
works, resulted in the use of crude methods of irrigation, which led to the contamination of
the Tigris – Euphrates Basin through salt percolation and turned it into the barren desert seen
today. The other economic killer was the Islamic destruction of the old overland trading
system. In the ancient world there had been large scale foreign trade extending from China to
Britain. The Islamic refusal to deal with the “Infidels” led to the decline of this trade and the
destruction of the second most important component of the ancient economy: trade with
India, China, Persia, Egypt and the other advanced economic centers of the ancient world.
This trade did not recover until the Age of Exploration when Europeans discovered how to
sail around the Islamic barrier to foreign trade.
- ~ http://www.idscience.org/2007/07/28/islam-the-real-cause-of-the-dark-ages/
THE DARK AGES (500-800 CE)
~ Universal rule under Rome collapsed
~ Separate barbarian kingdoms ruled in Rome’s place
~ Economic decline
~ Trade
~ Infrastructure fell apart (roads and bridges)
~ Piracy in the seas hurt trade
~ Few coins minted
~ Industry
~ With limited trade, little demand for goods
~ Fewer skilled workers trained
~ Depopulation of cities (workers returned to farms)
~ Culture and learning
~ Illiteracy grew
~ Ancient wisdom of Greece and Rome largely lost
~ Preserved by Christian monks (Europe) and Muslim Arabs (Middle East and northern
Africa)
April 3, 2012
Clovis: The Franks
~ First king of the Franks to unite all the Frankish tribes under one ruler
~ In 481, when he was fifteen, he succeeded his father
~ Clermont was his father, a regional or province king
~ Clovis is remembered for three main accomplishments: the unification of the Frankish
nation, The conquest of Gaul, His conversion to Christianity
~ The first act, assures the influence of his people beyond the borders of Gaul
~ The second act, he lays the foundations of a later nation-state: France
~ The third act, he made himself the ally of the papacy and its protector as well as that of the
people, who were mostly Catholics
Charlemagne: The Franks
~ The son of King Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, a Frankish queen, he succeeded his
father in 768
~ He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and
Central Europe
~ Was King of the Franks and Emperor of the Romans from 800 to his death in 814
~ Today he is regarded not only as the founding father of both French and German
monarchies, but also as the (father of Europe)
April 10, 2012
Who Were the Vikings?
~ The Vikings, or Norse, were a phenomena race of Scandinavian warriors who raided
Northern Europe, Eastern Asia, and Eastern North America.
~ Vikings were comprised of Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish decent.
What were their goals?
~ Raids and loot were not the whole story of the kings. Land to farm was also a commodity.
There were limited sources of food.
Ships and Navigation
~ We know what their ships looked like because many Vikings were buried with their goods
that sometimes included their boats.
Army
~ Vikings had no professional standing army and tactics ad discipline seemed a little
development. They didn’t fight in regular formations.
~ Weapons training began at youth in hunting, sports, and raiding.
Feudal Society
~ Feudalism: a whole new different type of system. It was the protection of your land.
Relationship Between Lords and Vassals
~ The relationship between lords and vassals made up a big part of the political and social
structure of the feudal system
~ Vassals had certain duties to perform for the lord
~ All nobles were ultimately vassals of the king
What is a Knight?
~ Almost all nobles were knights
~ Training began at age 7, as a page, under the guidance of the lady of the manor
~ Became squires at age 15 and were trained by other knights
~ Those deemed worthy were “dubbed” knights
April 11, 2012
Feudalism: Manor Economy
~ What is Feudalism?
~ Feudalism was a set of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished
between the 9th and 15th centuries, which, broadly defined, was a system for structuring
society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or
labor.
~ Why was it created?
Feudalism arose in Western Europe as a reaction to the invading tribal peoples of the North.
The Lords of the feudal system were also the warrior class and in exchange for protection
against the raiders they expected the allegiance of the lords. Serfs were the lower class people
attached to the land of the feudal lord.
~ What is the Hierarchy of a Feudal system? Describe each.
~ The phrase "feudal society" as defined by Marc Bloch expands on the definition proposed by
Ganshof and includes within the feudal structure not only the warrior aristocracy bound by
vassalage, but also the peasantry bound by manorialism. Thus the entire society from top to
bottom is bound by feudalism.
~ What is a Manor Economy?
~ Farming and self-efficiency
~ How does it work?
The heart of the feudal economy was the manor, or lord’s estate. Most manors included one
or more villages and the surrounding lands. Peas- ants, which made up the majority of the
population in medieval society, lived and worked on the manor. Most peasants on a manor
were serfs, bound to the land. Serfs were not slaves who could be bought and sold. Still, they
were not free. They could not leave the manor without the lord’s permission. If the manor
was granted to a new lord, the serfs went along with it.
A New Social Order: Feudalism
~ Feudalism Structures Society
~ 850 to 950, feudalism emerges- political system based on land control
~ A lord (landowner) gives fiefs (land grants) in exchange for services
~ Vassals- people who receive fiefs- become powerful landholders
April 12, 2012
Mu-Lan
~ What time period does this film take place in?
~ What Dynasty does this film loosely base its story around?
~ A poem
~ What does Dynasty mean?
~ A line of hereditary rulers of a country
~ What is the story or Tale this film is based on? Name of ancient literature it is loosely based
around?
~ What societal, gender or class roles are portrayed in the film?
~ Only have guys fighting because they are expected to be stronger
~ When, Who, Why, and How was the Great Wall built?
April 13, 2012
Feudalism Terms
~ The Franks:
~ Convents:
~ Monasteries:
~ Secular:
~ Tithe:
~ The Papacy:
~ Clergy:
~ Lay Investiture:
~ Simony:
~ Canon Law:
~ Heretic:
~ Feudalism:
~ Manor:
~ Vassals:
~ Nobles:
~ Estate:
~ Serfs:
~Peasants:
April 16, 2012
Questions
~ After Rome fell what happens to the Christian Church?
~ Splits into the western and Eastern Church. Western is Roman Catholic Church
~ What are the vast lands of central Italy called?
~ The Papal States
~ What was Canon law and those opposed were subject to what treatment?
~ Canon Law: the body of laws and regulations made or adopted by ecclesiastical authority, for
the government of the Christian organization and its members
~ What roles were women presented by the Church?
~ They needed a guy to guide them with what they did
~ What reforms or advances begin to turn the Middle Ages into expansion and change?
~ Population grew as new technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish
and crop yields to increase.
April 17, 2012
Rise of Christianity and the Islamic Religion
~ Who was Hildegard?
~ Hildegard was a remarkable woman, a "first" in many fields. She is the first composer whose
biography is known. She was a nun. She was so well respected.
~ What problems were brewing with the growth the church in Medieval Europe?
~ Grew success; they were marrying and having children; forgot all the vows; had power
~ How did the Jewish community arrive In Western Europe?
~ Roman expelled them from the Palestine
~ Who is Muhammad? How doe he become the Prophet of Islam?
~ Prophet of the Muslim religions;
~ What was the Hijra?
~ What is the message of Islam? Five Pillars? Quran? Sharia?
April 18, 2012
The Crusades:
~ Definition: The Crusades were a series of religious expeditionary wars blessed by the Pope
and the Catholic Church, with the stated goal of restoring Christian access to the holy places in
and near Jerusalem. They are like any other empire; they fight like you would in a regular war.
~ Who is involved: The Eastern and Western
~ What was the goal of the crusades: Gain backs their holy lands, which was Jerusalem
~ Richard the Lionhearted: King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death. He also ruled as
Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Lord of Cyprus, Count of Anjou,
Count of Maine, Count of Nantes, and Overlord of Brittany at various times during the same
period.
~ Saladin: was a Kurdish Muslim, who became the first Sultan of Egypt and Syria, and founded
the Ayyubid dynasty. He led Muslim opposition to the Franks and other European Crusaders in
the Levant. At the height of his power, his sultanate included Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Hejaz,
Yemen, and parts of North Africa.
~ Battle of Hattin: took place on Saturday, July 4, 1187, between the Crusader Kingdom of
Jerusalem and the forces of the Ayyubid dynasty. The Muslim armies under Saladin captured or
killed the vast majority of the Crusader forces, removing their capability to wage war.[7] As a
direct result of the battle, Islamic forces once again became the eminent military power in the
Holy Land, re-conquering Jerusalem and several other Crusader-held cities. These Christian
defeats prompted the Third Crusade, which began two years after the Battle of Hattin.
~ How many were there: There were a total of nine crusades! The first four crusades were seen
as the most import and scant reference is made to the other crusades - with the exception of the
Children's crusade, which effectively led to the decline of the crusades. For a period of two
hundred years Europe and Asia were engaged in almost constant warfare. Throughout this period
there was a continuous movement of crusaders to and from the Moslem possessions in Asia
Minor, Syria, and Egypt.
~ When did they take place: 1095-1295
~ What was the outcome of each: established the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem, The kingdom of
Jerusalem was gradually lost until the last Christian city, Acre, fell in 1291. The dream of
returning to the Holy Land nonetheless proved popular; the Kings of France and England
frequently made such plans, though in nearly every case the crusades were redirected or derailed
by regional tensions.
~ Who were some of the leaders? (Popes and main participants): Pope Urban II, he made a
speech.
April 23, 2012
The Fight for the Holy Land
~ The Pope
~ Wanted to reunite with Byzantine Empire (Eastern Orthodox)
~ Wanted to show power of Papacy
~ The Knights
~ Promised Heaven from crusading
~ Wanted plunder
~ The Merchants
~ Wealth from major trading cities in Eastern Europe and Middle East
~ “God Will’s It”
~ Pope Urban II calls for the crusades in 1095
~ 8 official crusades and numerous unofficial crusades follow
The First Crusade
~ Results:
~ More than ¾ of Crusades died before reaching the Muslims
~ In 1099 the Christians captured about 400 miles of land around Jerusalem
~ Muslims were slaughtered and Jews burned to death
April 24, 2012
Middle Ages Crusade Number 2
~ Who is the leader of the muslins
~ 5-7 facts about the second crusade
~ Who occupy’s Jerusalem during the 2nd crusade?
~ Saladin: He united and lead the Muslim world and in 1187, he recaptured Jerusalem for the
Muslims after defeating the King of Jerusalem at the Battle of Hattin near the Lake of Galilee.
When his soldiers entered the city of Jerusalem, they were not allowed to kill civilians, rob
people or damage the city. The more successful Saladin was, the more the Muslims saw him as
being their natural leader. He fought Richard the Lionheart.
~ Pope Urban announces the crusades
~ Crusaders prepared to attack Damascus. 2nd crusade led by Holy Roman Emperor Conrad III
and by King Louis VII of France
April 27, 2012
High middle Ages
~ Domesday Book: the record of the great survey of much of England and parts of Wales
completed in 1086. The survey was executed for William I of England: "While spending the
Christmas time of 1085 in Gloucester, William had deep speech with his counsellors and sent
men all over England to each shire to find out what or how much each landholder had in land
and livestock, and what it was worth". FIRST EVER SENSIS.
~ Magna Carta: an English charter, originally issued in the year 1215 and reissued later in the
13th century in modified versions. The later versions excluded the most direct challenges to the
monarch's authority that had been present in the 1215 charter. The charter first passed into law in
1225; the 1297 version, with the long title The Great Charter of the Liberties of England, and of
the Liberties of the Forest, still remains on the statute books of England and Wales.
~ Duke William of Normandy: was the first Norman King of England, reigning from 1066 until
his death in 1087. He was also Duke of Normandy from 3 July 1035 until his death, under the
name of William II. Descended from Viking raiders, William faced a number of difficulties
when he became duke at the age of 7 or 8, but by 1060 he had established his hold over
Normandy and was able to invade and conquer England in 1066. HE IS A VIKING. HE IS THE
DUKE NORMAN OF NORMANDY. HE IS BRTISH.
April 30, 2012
The Hundred Years War: France/Britain
~ Causes of the War
~ LASTED 116 YEARS; SKIRMISH: An episode of irregular or unpremeditated fighting,
especially between small or outlying parts of armies or fleets; ONE CAUSE; NO FRENCH
KING SO THE BRITISH KING TOOK OVER; CAUSE; THE FRENCH TRIED TO TAX
TOWNS IN EUROPE; EARLY ECONOMIC CONFLICT; CONTROLL OF THE WATER
WAY (THE ENGLISH CHANNEL)
Scottish Rebellion or War of Independence
~ Domesday Book
~Magna Carta
~ Duke William of Normandy
~ Battle of Agincourt
~ Joan of Arc
~ Henry V
May 8, 2012
Middle Ages: England and Scotland
~ King Edward I (Longsharks)
~ William Wallace
~Robert the Bruce (Scotland)
~ Primoae Noctis
~ Monarchy: First Monarchs in France and England
~ Reconquista
~ Council of Clermont
~ Isabella and Ferdinand
~ Inquisition
May 9, 2012
Sir William Wallace was:
~ A national hero
~ Leader of Scottish resistance forces during the long, and ultimately successful, struggles to free
Scotland from English rule
The Resistance Begins
~ May 1297
~ Wallace and a band of 30 some men burned Lanark and killed its English sheriff
~ Wallace then organized an army of commoners and small landowners and attacked the English
garrisons between the Rivers Forth and Tay
September 11, 1297
~ English response, led by the Earl of Surreu, John de Warenne
~ THE BATTLE OF STIRLING
~ Wallace and his forces were greatly outnumbered, but Surrey had to cross a bridge before
reaching the Scottish positions…the English were slaughtered as thy crossed the river
May 10, 2012
Scottish Independence
~ Battle of Stirling
~ Battle of York (England verse Scotland)
May 14, 2012
Scottish Independence
~ Page 233:
HEBREWS ARE BEING HELD CAPTIVE
~ Letters a-g:
~ Bubonic plague: Had broken out before in Europe, Asia, and North Africa but had died down
~ Babylonian Captivity: The Church was unable to provide the strong leadership needed in this
desperate time. In 1309, Pope Clement V had moved the papal court to Avignon on the border of
southern France. There it remained for about 70 years under French domination.
~ John Wycliffe: an Oxford professor who attacked Church corruption. He insisted that the
Bible, not the Church, was the source of all Christian truth. He began translating the Bible into
English so that people could read it themselves rather than rely on the clergy to read it.
~ Jan Hus: Led the cal for reforms. The church responded by persecuting Wycliffe and his
followers and suppressing the Hussites. Hus was tried for heresy and burned at the stake in 1415.
The ideas of Wycliffe and Hus survived, however. A century later, other reformers took up the
same demands.
~ Hundred Years’ War: On top of the disasters of famine, plague, and economic decline came
a long, destructive war. Between 1337 and 1453, England and France fought a series of conflicts,
known as the Hundred Years’ War. The fighting devastated France and drained England.
England had a victory.
~ Joan of Arc: In 1429, a 17-year-old peasant woman appeared at the court of Charles VII the
uncrowned king of France. She told Charles that God had sent her to save France. She convinced
the desperate French king to let her lead his army against the English. To Charles’s amazement,
Joan inspired the battered and despairing French troops to fight anew. In an astonishing year of
campaigning, she led the French to several victories and planted the seeds for future triumphs.
~ Charles VII: The uncrowned king of France
~ Question Number 4:
~ How did new technologies affect fighting during the Hundred Years’ War?
~ With a new powerful weapon, the cannon, they attacked English-held castles. By 1453, the
English held only the port of Calais in northwestern France.
May 17, 2012
What was the Renaissance?
~ Period folliwing the middle ages(1400-1600)
~ “Rebirth” of classical Greece and Rome
~ Began in Italy
~ Moved to northern Europe
Causes of the Renaissance
~ Lessening of feudalism
~ Church disrespected
~ Nobility in chaos
~ Growth of Middle Class through trade
~ Fall of Constantinople
~ Greek scholars fled to Italy
~ Education
~ Nostalgia among the Italians to recapture the glory of the Roman Empire
Objectives
~ During the middle ages
~ Find God
~ Prove pre-conceived ideas
~ During the Renaissance
~ Find man
~ Promote learning
Northern and Late Renaissance
~ Religion/Polities- Reformation; much political & religious violence
~ Ideas- a skeptical Humanism
~ Art- a realism of everyday life: Portraits, Landscapes; oil painting
~ Music- conservative perfection (Palestrina) and new approaches (madrigals)
Renaissance
~ 1 period to name itself and say nasty things about earlier times: “Gothic” & “Dark Ages”
~ Term means “Rebirth”
~ Looking back to Classical culture – Ancient Greece and Rome
~ Middle Ages- people were parts of a greater whole; members of a family, trade guild, nation or
st
Church
~ Renaissance- human beings first began to think of themselves as individuals
Timeline
~ Guttenberg Bible- 1456
~ Columbus reaches America- 1492
~ Leonardo da Vinci: Mona Lisa- c. 1503
~ Michelangelo: David- 1504
~ Raphael: School of Athens- 1505
~ Martin Luther’s 95 theses- 1517
~ Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet- 1596