Download Biology Ch. 15 class notes

Evolution
Chapter 15
15-1 Darwin’s Theory of Natural
Selection
Objectives
1. Discuss the evidence that species could
change over time
2. List the four major principals of natural
selection
3. Show how natural selection could change a
population
Who was Darwin?
• 1809-1982
• Naturalist and geologist
• Studied at University of
Edinburgh and
Cambridge
• 5 year voyage on the
HMS Beagle (1831-1836)
• 1859 published
On Origin of Species
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.1 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
Darwin on the HMS Beagle
 Darwin’s role on the ship was as naturalist
and companion to the captain.
 His job was to collect biological and geological
specimens during the ship’s travel.
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.1 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
The Galápagos Islands
 Darwin began to collect mockingbirds, finches,
and other animals on the four islands.
 He noticed that the different islands seemed
to have their own, slightly different varieties
of animals.
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.1 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
 Almost every
specimen that
Darwin had
collected on the
islands was new
to European
scientists.
 Populations from the mainland changed after
reaching the Galápagos.
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.1 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
Darwin Continued His Studies
 Darwin hypothesized that new species could
appear gradually through small changes in
ancestral species.
 Darwin inferred that if humans could change
species by artificial selection, then perhaps the
same process could work in nature.
Chapter 15
Evolution
Basic Principals of Natural Selection
 Individuals in a population show variations.
 Variations can be inherited.
 Organisms have more offspring than can survive
on available resources.
 Variations that increase reproductive success will
have a greater chance of being passed on.
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.1 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
The Origin of Species
 Darwin published On the Origin of Species by
Means of Natural Selection in 1859.
 Darwin’s theory of natural selection is not
synonymous with evolution.
 It is a means of explaining how evolution
works.
Darwin’s Dangerous Idea – Part 1
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KWroTy
CeV9I
15-2 Evidence for Evolution
Objectives
1. Describe how fossils provide evidence for
evolution
2. Discuss morphological evidence for
evolution
3. Explain how biochemistry provides
evidence for evolution
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.2 Evidence of Evolution
Support for Evolution
 The fossil record
 Fossils provide a record of species that lived long ago.
 Fossils show that ancient species share similarities
with species that now live on Earth.
Glyptodont
Armadillo
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.2 Evidence of Evolution
 Derived traits are newly evolved features,
such as feathers, that do not appear in the
fossils of common ancestors.
 Ancestral traits are more primitive features,
such as teeth and tails, that do appear in
ancestral forms.
 Anatomically similar structures inherited from
a common ancestor are called homologous
structures.
 Anatomically similar structures inherited from a
common ancestor are called homologous
structures.
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.2 Evidence of Evolution
Vestigial Structures
 Structures that are the
reduced forms of
functional structures in
other organisms.
 Evolutionary theory
predicts that features of ancestors that no
longer have a function for that species will
become smaller over time until they are lost.
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.2 Evidence of Evolution
 Analogous structures can be
used for the same purpose
and can be superficially similar
in construction, but are not
inherited from a
common ancestor.
 Show that
functionally similar
features can evolve
independently in
similar environments
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.2 Evidence of Evolution
Comparative Embryology
 Vertebrate embryos exhibit homologous
structures during certain phases of
development but become totally different
structures in the adult forms.
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.2 Evidence of Evolution
Comparative Biochemistry
 Common ancestry
can be seen in the
complex metabolic
molecules that many
different organisms
share.
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.2 Evidence of Evolution
 Comparisons of the similarities in these
molecules across species reflect evolutionary
patterns seen in comparative anatomy and in
the fossil record.
 Organisms with closely related morphological
features have more closely related molecular
features.
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.2 Evidence of Evolution
Geographic Distribution
 The distribution of plants and animals that
Darwin saw first suggested evolution to Darwin.
Rabbit
Mara
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Evolution
15.2 Evidence of Evolution
 Patterns of migration were critical to Darwin
when he was developing his theory.
 Evolution is intimately linked with climate and
geological forces.
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.2 Evidence of Evolution
Types of Adaptation
 An adaptation is a trait shaped by natural
selection that increases an organism’s
reproductive success.
 Fitness is a measure of the relative
contribution an individual trait makes to the
next generation.
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.2 Evidence of Evolution
Camouflage
 Allows organisms to
become almost
invisible to predators
Leafy sea dragon
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.2 Evidence of Evolution
Mimicry
 One species evolves to resemble another
species.
Western coral snake
California kingsnake
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Evolution
15.2 Evidence of Evolution
Consequences of Adaptations
 Some features of an organism might be
consequences of other evolved characteristics.
 They do not increase reproductive success.
 Features likely arose as an unavoidable
consequence of prior evolutionary change.
15-3 Shaping Evolutionary Theory
Objectives
1. Discuss patterns observed in evolution
2. Describe factors that influence speciation
3. Compare gradualism with punctuated
equilibrium
• Darwin’s theory of natural selection explains
how organisms adapt to their environment
and how variations can lead to new species
– Natural selection in not the only mechanism
• Population Genetics
– Evolution will not occur in a population unless the
allele frequency changed
– Factors that affect genetic equilibrium (rather
evolution occurs)
•
•
•
•
•
Natural selectin
Gene flow
Mutations
Non random mating
Genetic drift
Chapter 15
Evolution
Mechanisms for evolution
1. Genetic Drift
 A change in the allelic frequencies in a
population that is due to chance or random
mating
 In smaller populations, the effects of genetic
drift become more pronounced, and the
chance of losing an allele becomes greater.
Chapter 15
Evolution
Examples of Genetic Drift
a. Founder Effect
 Occurs when a small sample of a population
settles in a location separated from the rest
of the population (ex. Amish and Mennonites)
 Alleles that were uncommon in the original
population might be common in the new
population.
Chapter 15
Evolution
b. Bottleneck
 Occurs when a population declines to a very
low number and then rebounds
Chapter 15
Evolution
2. Gene Flow
 Increases genetic variation within a population
and reduces differences between populations
 Random movement, migration
3. Nonrandom Mating
 Promotes inbreeding and could lead to
a change in allelic proportions favoring
individuals that are homozygous for
particular traits
4. Mutation
- can change allele frequency
- can be harmful, lethal, or provide an
advantage
- provides the raw material for natural
selection
Chapter 15
Evolution
5. Natural Selection
 Acts to select the
individuals that
are best adapted
for survival and
reproduction
Chapter 15
Evolution
 Stabilizing selection operates to eliminate
extreme expressions of a trait when the
average expression leads to higher fitness.
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.3 Shaping Evolutionary Theory
 Directional selection makes an organism
more fit.
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.3 Shaping Evolutionary Theory
 Disruptive selection is a process that splits a
population into two groups.
Sexual Selection
• The evolutionary fitness of an organism not only depends upon its
ability to survive but also its ability to reproduce.
• To reproduce, an individual must obtain a mate and produce
viable offspring.
• Natural selection favors traits that maximize the ability of an
individual to compete for and attract mates, and/or the ability to
produce offspring — this is called sexual selection
• Sexual Selection:
A type of selection in which the forces determined by mate choice
act to cause one genotype to mate more frequently than another
genotype..
Speciation
• is the evolutionary process by which new
biological species arise
– A population must diverge and then be
reproductively isolated
– Long process
Chapter 15
Evolution
Types of Speciation
Allopatric Speciation
 A physical barrier (mountain ranges, channels,
rivers, lava flows) divides one population into
two or more populations.
Abert squirrel
Kaibab squirrel
Chapter 15
Evolution
Sympatric Speciation
 A species evolves into a new species without
a physical barrier.
 The ancestor species and the new species
live side by side during the speciation
process.
Patterns in evolution
Chapter 15
Evolution
Adaptive Radiation (divergent evolution)
 Can occur in a relatively short time when one species
gives rise to
many different
species in
response to the
creation of new
habitat or some
other ecological
opportunity
cichids
 Follows large-scale extinction events
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.3 Shaping Evolutionary Theory
Convergent Evolution
 Unrelated species
evolve similar traits
even though they
live in different parts
of the world.
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.3 Shaping Evolutionary Theory
Coevolution
 The relationship between two species might
be so close that the evolution of one species
affects the evolution of the other species.
 Mutualism
 Coevolutionary arms race
• Speciation video (do not show)
Evolutionary Biology
• Scientists determine
evolutionary relationships by
look at:
–Structure
–Breeding behavior
–Distribution
–Chromosomes
–biochemistry
• Species that share a
common ancestor share
common evolutionary
history
–Phylogeny-evolutionary
history of a species
Classification systems based on
evolutionary relationships
• Cladistics- system based on
phylogeny
–Cladogram-branching
diagram that shows
evolutionary relationships
• Phylogenic diagram- fan-like model
superimposed on the geologic
timescale