Download Preparation of Vaccines

Vaccines
Mrs. Stewart
Adapted from: Project Lead The Way Making Vaccines powerpoint
Effective Vaccines
• Have low levels of side effects or toxicity.
Effective Vaccines
• Protect against exposure to wild forms of
pathogen
Effective Vaccines
• Stimulate both types of
immune responses:
1. an antibody/humoral
response
• B Cells
2. a cellular/cell-mediated
response
• T Cells
Effective Vaccines
• Have long term, lasting effects that
produce immunological memory.
Effective Vaccines
• Should not require numerous doses or
boosters
Effective Vaccines
• Are inexpensive
• Have a long shelf life
• Are easy to administer.
Routes of Administration
• The majority of
vaccines are
administered by
injection
– Subcutaneous
– Intramuscular
– Intradermal
• Oral vaccines are
available for only a
few diseases
Administration Routes
Live, attenuated (weakened)
cells (viruses)
– Vaccines are longer-lasting
and require fewer boosters
– However, the disease agent
could mutate back to
pathogenic strain
– Harder to make this type for
bacteria – usu. viruses
– Example: MMR, Varicella
zoster
Killed whole cells or inactivated
viruses
– Even though they are
harmless, they still contain
recognizable antigens on
their surface
– Because the microbe does
not multiply, a weaker
immune response is
stimulated vs. live vaccines
– larger doses and more
boosters are required.
– Example: Polio virus
Toxoid vaccines
– A purified toxin
produced by the
pathogen is
changed into a
toxoid and used to
elicit immune
response.
– Example: DTaP
• Diptheria,
Tetanus &
acellular
Pertussis
Subunit Vaccines
• Subunit vaccines contain
just the antigens of the
microbe that best stimulate
the immune system.
• Antigens that have been
separated from the rest of
the microbe
• Examples: Hepatitis B,
Gardasil,
Genetically engineered or
Naked DNA Vaccine
– Genes for microbial antigens are inserted into a
plasmid vector and are cloned in appropriate hosts.
– The resultant protein product is used to provoke
immune system.
DNA vaccines
– These
vaccines
contain
all or part
of the
pathogen
DNA,
which is
used to
“infect” a
recipient’
s cells.
Herd Immunity
• More individuals that are
immune decreases the
incidence of the disease and
the occurrence of the
pathogen.
• With greater numbers
immunized, it is less likely that
an unimmunized person will
encounter the pathogen.
• Mass vaccination confers
indirect protection for those
who do not receive the
vaccine resulting in “herd
immunity”.