Download Pyruvic acid is

Glycolysis ,Respiration and Fermentation
Metabolism refers to biochemical processes that occur with any
living organism to maintain life. These biochemical processes
allow organisms to grow, reproduce, repair damage, and respond
to the environment.
Most people use the term "metabolism" incorrectly for either
anabolism or catabolism.
Anabolism is the building up of things - a succession of chemical
reactions that constructs or synthesizes molecules from smaller
components, usually requiring energy in the process.
Catabolism is the breaking down of things - a series of
degradative chemical reactions that break down complex
molecules into smaller units, and in most cases releasing energy
in the process.
Anabolic steroids
Catabolic steroids; AKA corticosteroids
Nasonex to treat allegires.
Glycolysis and “Krebs” Cylce
•Plants make ATP during photosynthesis.
•All other organisms, including plants, must
produce ATP by breaking down molecules such
as glucose
The energy released is trapped in the form of ATP for use by all
the energy-consuming activities of the cell.
The process occurs in two phases:
1) glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid
2) the complete oxidation of pyruvic acid to H2O + CO2
In eukaryotes, glycolysis occurs in the cytosol.
Oxidation of pyruvic acid takes place in mitochondria.
Cytosol vs Cytoplasm
Cytosol: the aqueous component of the cytoplasm of a cell, within
which various organelles and particles are suspended.
Cytoplasm; the space between the nucleus and the plasma
membrane. Therefore, the cytosol technically does not include
organelles.
Glycolysis
Anaerobic
Aerobic
•
•
•
•
Glycolysis is the anaerobic catabolism of glucose.
It occurs in virtually all cells.
In eukaryotes, it occurs in the cytosol.
It converts a molecule of glucose into 2 molecules of
pyruvic acid.
• C6H12O6 + 2NAD+ -> 2C3H4O3 + 2NADH + 2H+
• The free energy stored in 2 molecules of pyruvic
acid is somewhat less than that in the original
glucose molecule.
• Some of this difference is captured in 2 molecules of
ATP.
Glycolysis
1
PGAL
2
2
NAD -Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
• is a coenzyme found in all living cells.
• The compound is a dinucleotide, because
it consists of two nucleotides joined
through their phosphate groups.
• One nucleotide contains an adenine base
and the other nicotinamide.
• Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists
in two forms, an oxidized and reduced
form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH
respectively.
PGAL
Investment
Pay off
Respiration; the set of catabolic reactions and
processes that take place in the cells of
organisms to convert biochemical energy from
nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP),
and then release waste products.
Oxidation of food, e.g. glucose, to CO2 and H20
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O → 12H2O + 6 CO2
Respiration is aerobic; O2 is needed
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/CellularRespiration.html
FAD - Flavin adenine dinucleotide
• is a redox cofactor, more specifically a
prosthetic group, involved in several
important reactions in metabolism.
• FAD can exist in three (or four: flavinN(5)-oxide) different redox states, which
are the quinone, semiquinone, and
hydroquinone.
• FAD is converted between these states
by accepting or donating electrons.
GDP - Guanosine diphosphate
GTP - Guanosine triphosphate
GDP and GTP function much like ADP and ATP. (It has the role of being a source
of energy or an activator of substrates in metabolic reactions. GTP stores more
energy than GDP, just as ATP stores more energy than ADP).
One GTP molecule is generated in the Krebs/citric acid cycle. This is almost the
same as the generation of one molecule of ATP, since GTP is readily converted
to ATP.
Mitochondria structures
1. outer membrane that encloses
the entire structure
2. inner membrane that encloses
a fluid-filled matrix
3. between the two is the
intermembrane space
4. the inner membrane is
elaborately folded with shelflike cristae projecting into the
matrix.
5. a small number (some 5–10)
circular molecules of DNA
Lysosome crista
The Outer Membrane
The outer membrane contains many complexes of integral
membrane proteins that form channels through which a variety
of molecules and ions move in and out of the mitochondrion.
The inner membrane contains 5 complexes of integral
membrane proteins:
• NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I)
• succinate dehydrogenase (Complex II)
• cytochrome c reductase (Complex III; also known as the
cytochrome b-c1 complex)
• cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV)
• ATP synthase (Complex V)
The Matrix
The matrix contains a complex mixture of soluble enzymes that
catalyze the respiration of pyruvic acid and other small organic
molecules.
Pyruvic acid is:
• oxidized by NAD+ producing NADH + H+
• decarboxylated producing a molecule
-of carbon dioxide (CO2) and
-a 2-carbon fragment of acetate bound to coenzyme A
forming acetyl-CoA
Cool rappin’ videos abou’ da’ Glycolysis an’ Krebs, Mon.
Glycolysis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EfGlznwfu9U
KREBS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JPCs5pn7UNI
bOTh
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aMBIs_Iw0kE
Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts sugar to
acids, gases or alcohol.
It occurs in yeast and bacteria, and also in oxygen-starved
muscle cells, as in the case of lactic acid fermentation.
Fermentation takes place in the lack of oxygen (when the
electron transport chain is unusable) and becomes the cell’s
primary means of ATP production
Used to make pickles, kimchi, sauerkraut, yogurt, beer, wine.
Alcohol Fermentation
Step 1. Glycolysis
Step 2. 2 Pyruvates broken down into 2 acetaldehyde molecules and yielding 2
CO2
Step 3. 2 acetaldehydes are reduced by NADH into 2 Ethyl alcohol molecules