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Transcript
ROLE OF ATP ATP (provided by mitochondria) When a phosphate bond is broken off, this yields - energy plus leftover ADP ATP > ADP + P + ENERGY Energy supplies (in the order that they are used by the muscles) ATP (stored) – is quickly used (within about 5 seconds) Phosphorylation – using Creatine Phosphate (which is made by the body and stored within muscle) to supply a phosphate to the leftover ADP from the previous step. It is quickly used (within about 5 more seconds) Glucose/Glycogen – stored form of glucose, in the liver. When broken down (glycolysis), it releases 2 ATP’s and 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. Anaerobic activity-pyruvic acids turns to lactic acid and contribute to fatigue and soreness in the muscles. Activity can only be sustained for about 60 seconds. Aerobic activity- pyruvic acids enter into the citric acid cycle (in the mitochondria), which leads to the production of 36 ATP’s Fat – provides the most energy, but is a last resort Synthesis of Adenosine Triphosphate Direct Phosphorylation Glycolysis Creatine Phosphate Splitting glucose (C6H12O6) Stored in the muscle Duration of action 5~10 seconds Adds Phosphate to ADP (recharging ATP) 2 ATP 2 Pyruvic Acids O2 O2 1 ATP Replenished at rest Anaerobic Respiration Duration of action 45 – 60 seconds 1. From blood stream 2. Carried by myoglobin Aerobic Respiration (citric acid cycle -within mitochondria) 2 Lactic acids Direct Phosphorylation – 1 ATP Glycolysis/Anaerobic Respiration – 2 ATP Aerobic Respiration – 36 ATP Remember 2 ATP are needed to “prime the pump” TOTAL USABLE ATP - 36 Duration of action HOURS Muscle fatigue and cramping CO2 36 ATP H2O O2 SUPPLY AND CELL RESPIRATION hemoglobin – pigment responsible for carrying O2 molecules in the blood and giving blood its color myoglobin – pigment in muscle, responsible for storing O2, gives muscle its color (dark meat in poultry and fish) lactic acid – a by-product of muscle activity (contributes to soreness, - fatigue in muscles) can be converted into glucose when combined with O2 but O2 is not available during exercise b/c the body cannot metabolize it from the air fast enough lactic acid accumulates in the muscles must wait until after exercise (when O2 is available) to convert it into glucose this whole process is known as Oxygen Debt MUSCULAR RESPONSES Twitch- Response of a single muscle fiber to the Ach released by a single action potential. Short delay following to Stimulus [Ach] Result from higher stimulus intensity Muscle Contraction Length -affects force of contraction Too stretched out= actin/myosin can’t reach and no contraction Too close [sarcomere compressed]= no more shortening CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO TYPES OF MUSCLE FIBERS Type I (slow-twitch; oxidative; red) endurance activities found in muscles with high amounts of myoglobin (pigment that stores oxygen in the muscles) - makes the muscle appear a darker red color (dark meat in poultry) Rich in mitochondria Type II ( fast-twitch, glycolytic, white) quick, explosive, sprint-type activities not much myoglobin - makes the muscle appear a lighter color (white meat in poultry), fewer mitochondria Accumulate lactic acid CONNECTION BETWEEN DIFFERENT SYSTEMS (ENDOCRINE - SKELETAL - MUSCULAR) OF THE BODY Thyroid gland [Endocrine] - produces calcitonin, which encourages movement of calcium from bloodstream into the bones [Skeletal] - if thyroid is overactive - too much calcium into the bones lowers blood calcium so that the muscles could potentially be deprived of calcium, which means they may not be able to contract properly [Muscular]