Download Adaptation at the negotiations

Post 2012 International Climate
Change Regime – Negotiation Aspects
on Climate Change Adaptation
Dr. Ama Kwansima Essel
Dakar, Senegal
5/07/10
Outline of Presentation
• Background – Bali Action Plan (Decision
1/CP13
• Processes after Bali
• African Platform
• Copenhagen AWGLCA Text
• Copenhagen Accord
• Post Copenhagen Chair Text
The Bali Action Plan (Decision 1CP.13)
• Reaffirmed that economic, social development and
poverty eradication are global priorities
• Decided that it was essential to respond to the findings
of the 4th assessment report of the IPCC
• Recognized that deep cuts in emissions are needed to
achieve the aim of the Convention
• Decided to launch a comprehensive process to enable
the full, effective and sustained implementation of the
Convention through long-term cooperative action, now,
up to and beyond 2012, in order to reach an agreed
outcome and adopt a decision at its fifteenth session
The Bali Action Plan (Decision 1CP.13)
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The main building blocks under LCA:
Shared Vision
Mitigation
Adaptation
Finance
Technology Transfer
Adaptation Under The Bali Action Plan
•
Under the BAP, Enhanced action on
adaptation, covers, inter alia, consideration
of:
1)
International cooperation to support urgent
implementation of adaptation actions, including through
vulnerability assessments, prioritization of actions, financial
needs assessments, capacity-building and response
strategies, integration of adaptation actions into sectoral
and national planning, specific projects and programmes,
means to incentivize the implementation of adaptation
actions,
Adaptation Under The Bali Action Plan
2)
and other ways to enable climate-resilient development
and reduce vulnerability of all Parties, taking into account
the urgent and immediate needs of developing countries
that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of
climate change, especially the least developed countries
and small island developing States, and further taking into
account the needs of countries in Africa affected by
drought, desertification and floods;
Risk management and risk reduction strategies,
including risk sharing and transfer mechanisms such as
insurance
Adaptation Under The Bali Action Plan
3)
4)
5)
Disaster reduction strategies and means to address loss
and damage associated with climate change impacts in
developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the
adverse effects of climate change;
Economic diversification to build resilience;
Ways to strengthen the catalytic role of the Convention in
encouraging multilateral bodies, the public and private
sectors and civil society, building on synergies among
activities and processes, as a means to support adaptation
in a coherent and integrated manner;
From Bali to the current situation (Processes
under AWG-LCA)
• In Bali parties agreed that the process shall begin
without delay, that the sessions of the group
should be scheduled as often as is feasible and
necessary to complete the work of the group,
where possible in conjunction with sessions of
other bodies established under the Convention,
and that its sessions may be complemented by
workshops and other activities, as required;
• Parties decided that the first session of the group
shall be held as soon as is feasible and not later
than April 2008;
From Bali to the current situation
(Processes under AWG-LCA)
• A number negotiation sessions of varying durations (12 weeks) of the AWGLCA has been held:
• Bangkok - Bonn- Accra – Poznan  2008
• Bonn-Bonn- Bangkok-Barcelona - Copenhagen  2009
• Bonn – Bonn  2010
• Others are planned for August and October 2010
The African Climate Platform to Copenhagen
• Adopted in Algiers, November 2008. First updated, Nairobi,
May 2009
• Key Messages:
• Africa's expectation of the outcome of Copenhagen is an
inclusive, fair and effective outcome that prioritises both
adaptation and mitigation, and recognizes that Africa has an
urgent need for support in the implementation of adaptation.
• The Copenhagen outcome must recognize that solving the
climate problem will only be possible if it is undertaken in the
context of Africa's need for development.
The African Climate Platform to Copenhagen
• The provision of financial, technological and capacity building
support by developed country Parties for adaptation in
developing countries is a commitment under the Convention
that must be urgently fulfilled, recognizing that climate
change is an additional burden to sustainable development,
and a threat to achieving the Millennium Development Goals.
• By 2020 the scale of additional, adequate, predictable and
sustainable financial flows to support adaptation in
developing countries must be at least $ 67 billion / year
The African Climate Platform to Copenhagen
• Adaptation and Means of Implementation
• Africa is one of the most vulnerable continents to
climate change, with major development and
poverty eradication challenges and limited
capacity for adaptation.
• International cooperation on implementation of
adaptation action in Africa is urgent and must be
accorded the same level of priority and emphasis
as that given to mitigation
The African Climate Platform to
Copenhagen (Adaptation)
Objectives:
• A comprehensive and action oriented programme on the
implementation of adaptation actions must be established.
This programme must implement, support and facilitate
urgent and immediate adaptation action that reduces
vulnerability and builds resilience of developing countries
to impacts that are already occurring, including impacts of
increasing numbers of extreme weather events, and
impacts that are expected to occur in the future by:
• Providing access to means of implementation (finance,
technology and capacity building) for implementing urgent
and immediate adaptation action, at regional and country
level
The African Climate Platform to
Copenhagen (Adaptation)
• Implementing urgent and immediate
adaptation action at national, regional and
global levels
• Promoting coherence and facilitating linkages
with other international, regional and national
programmes, bodies and stakeholders that are
implementing adaptation and related
activities, including the Nairobi Work
Programme
The African Climate Platform to
Copenhagen
• Principles:
• The Adaptation Action Programme must:
• Be undertaken in the context of the principles and
commitments of the Convention
• Be country driven
• Address the concerns of all vulnerable groups whose
adaptive capacity is low, and in particularly gender and
youth concerns, recognizing that women and children are
particularly affected by the impacts of climate change
• Reflect indigenous knowledge and practice
The African Climate Platform to
Copenhagen (Adaptation)
Provision of financial resources, technology and capacity
building
• This Programme for Adaptation Action is complementary
to, and consistent with the G77 and China proposals on
financing and technology under the AWG LCA.
• The provision of financial and technical support by
developed country Parties for adaptation programmes in
developing countries is a commitment under the
Convention that must be urgently fulfilled, recognizing that
climate change is an additional burden to sustainable
development, and a threat to achieving the Millennium
Development Goals.
The African Climate Platform to Copenhagen
(Adaptation)
• The Adaptation Action Programme must provide
scaled up, new, additional, adequate,
predictable and sustainable financial,
technological and capacity building support to
address all key areas of the Adaptation Action
Programme in a manner that is holistic, and
consistent with national and regional
development objectives, programmes and plans.
• By 2020 the scale of financial flows to support
adaptation in developing countries must be at
least $ 67 billion / year
The African Climate Platform to Copenhagen
(Adaptation)
• High priority needs of funding for the implementation
of NAPAs
• Urgency for the operationalization of the Adaptation
Fund under the Kyoto Protocol and monetization of the
CERs to support adaptation actions.
The African Climate Platform to Copenhagen
(Adaptation) – Institutional Arrangements
• Call for the establishment of an Adaptation Committee to
oversee the implementation adaptation actions at the
international level
• Adaptation Committee shall be under the guidance and
authority of the COP and shall be accountable to the COP
• Shall have equal geographical representation – which ensures
majority of membership being from developing countries
• Adaptation Committee shall, among others, evaluate and
approve adaptation projects and programmes for funding by
the Adaptation Fund Board (AFB). It shall under the current
institutional arrangements under the AFB, take up the
functions of the Projects and Programmes Review Committee
(PPRC)
Evolution of the Adaptation
Negotiation Text
• Non Paper 53 (Barcelona 2-6 Nov. 2009)
• Contains non-paper 31 (20/10/09)- revised
streamlined text on adaptation and non-paper
41 (5/11/09)- draft text produced by cofacilitators
Non paper 31 (22 pages)
•
Had sections A-F and appendix I-IV plus one
more appendix which was related to
financial units and had to be discussed
under the Finance contact group
A. Definitions, objectives, guiding principles, scope
and roles and responsibilities
B. Implementation of adaptation action to climate
change
C. Means of implementation
Non paper 31 (22 pages)
D. Risk Management and risk reduction strategies,
including risk sharing and transfer mechanisms
such as insurance: International Mechanisms to
Address Loss and Damage risks
E. Institutional Arrangements
F. [Assessing delivery of means of implementation
for adaptation] [Monitoring and review of
adaptation action and support]
Non paper 31 (22 pages)
• Annex I- Activities to plan and prepare for
implementation of adaptation action
• Annex II- Objectives and modalities of national
adaptation plans, programmes and activities
• Annex III- Possible tasks of institutional
arrangements
• Annex IV- Detailed Functions of Centres
• Appendix- For Finance contact group
Non-Paper 41 (9 pages)
• This draft document consisted of a preamble,
18 key negotiating points and 4 annexes
• Key issues :
– Defining adaptation, who is most vulnerable, how
it should be addressed.
– The importance of enhancing international
cooperation through the establishment of an
adaptation framework or programme
Non-Paper 41 (9 pages)
• The implementation of the adaptation
[framework] [programme]
• How adaptation actions shall be undertaken
• Developed countries support for adaptation
and coverage
• Substantially scaled-up, adequate and
predictable financial support, who benefits
primarily and in what package it comes
Non-Paper 41 (9 pages)
• Issue of insurance and compensation with regards to
unavoidable loss due to adverse effects of CC
• Strengthening and establishing of regional centres
• Institutional arrangements under the convention
• Monitoring, review and reporting on support
provided and received
Some Elements in the Adaptation Text from
Copenhagen
• At Copenhagen and Post Copenhagen:
• Para 5 in the Shared vision; Adaptation to the
adverse effects of climate change and the
potential impacts of response is a challenge faced
by all countries.
• Annex II:
• Establishes the Copenhagen Adaptation
Framework [for Implementation]
Some Elements in the Adaptation Text from
Copenhagen
• Follow a country-driven, gender-sensitive,
participatory and fully transparent approach, taking
into consideration vulnerable groups, communities
and ecosystems
• The best available science, and as appropriate
traditional knowledge
• Taking into account their common but differentiated
responsibilities
Some Elements in the Adaptation Text from
Copenhagen
• Developed country parties will be supported by developing
countries
• Establishing designated national-level institutional
arrangements for adaptation with a view to enhancing work on
the full range of adaptation actions from planning to
implementation
• Invitation to relevant multilateral, international, regional and
national organizations, the public and private sectors, civil
society and other relevant stakeholders to undertake and
support enhanced action on adaptation at all levels
• The Secretariat should support the Copenhagen Framework as
requested by its mandate
Not AGREED
• Who should strengthen who
• Measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) of
support and actions
• Institutional Arrangements, including Financial
Mechanism (not concluded) with windows for
Adaptation, Mitigation, Technology Transfer, Capacity
building.
• Linked to the Adaptation window there will be an
Adaptation body (Adaptation Committee) which will
look at the technical aspect
15th Conference of Parties
(Copenhagen)
• The Adaptation contact group almost finished going
through draft negotiating text but many other
contact groups under the LCA (except technology)
were not close to finishing by the last day of the COP
• The COP decided to extend the mandate of the AWGLCA for another year.
• The AWG-LCA should thus present their work to the
sixteenth COP in Cancun, Mexico in
November/December 2010
Copenhagen Accord
• The Copenhagen Accord which was a political deal
could not be adopted as a COP decision and was only
taken note of
• The Accord recognized the critical impacts of climate
change and the need for adaptation by countries but
mixed up adaptation to adverse effects of climate
change to the potential impacts of response
measures
• It stresses the need to establish a comprehensive
adaptation programme including international
support.
The Copenhagen Accord and
Adaptation
• It highlighted the urgent need for enhanced
action and international cooperation on
Adaptation to ensure implementation of the
Convention especially in those countries that
are particularly vulnerable, especially least
developed countries, small island developing
States and Africa.
The Copenhagen Accord and
Adaptation
• Developed countries shall provide adequate,
predictable and sustainable financial
resources, technology and capacity-building to
support the implementation of adaptation
action in developing countries.
Post Copenhagen Negotiations
• Meeting in Bonn, April 2010 principally an agenda
setting meeting
• Meeting in Bonn, June 2010
• The new chair of the AWG-LCA after the April
meeting put together a text to facilitate negotiations
taking into account work done at COP 15 and also
some elements of the Copenhagen Accord
Post Copenhagen Negotiations
• 39 page document which brings together all
the Bali Action building blocks
• Adaptation is Chapter II of the Annexes of the
document
• June no contact groups formed, work was
done in plenary and the chair brought out
questions which would help parties discuss or
resolve difficult or crunch issues identified in
chapter I of the chair’s text
Bonn Meeting June, 2010 (Questions
Posed by Chair for Adaptation )
• What should be the scope of enhanced action
on adaptation; should it only encompass the
adverse effects of climate change or also the
impact of the implementation of response
measures?
• What should be the functions of any
institutional arrangements for adaptation
under the Convention?
Bonn Meeting June, 2010 (Questions
Posed by Chair for Adaptation )
• How should loss and damage associated with
climate change impacts in developing
countries that are particularly vulnerable be
addressed?
• How should adaptation action be matched
with support?
New Revised Text After June
• The chair has revised text after the June
meeting following inputs and
recommendations from the parties
• This 21 page document will be used for
further negotiations this August in Bonn
• Para 5&6 under shared vision include text on
adaptation which brings in some of the key
issues discussed under the African platform
(e.g. country drivenness)
New Revised Text After June
• Section B with discussion around the
Adaptation Framework (Preamble?)
• Chapter II- Enhanced action on adaptation
• The issues that have to be agreed on are
similar to that of the June meeting