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Organic Compounds Big Four Compounds Greenhouse Biology http://tanyab.shank.cmswiki.wiki spaces.net/ Elements and Compounds Found in Living Things Only 11 are common in living things MOST Common are: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen 2 Main Groups of Chemical Compounds MOST Common are: Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Hydrogen Organic Compounds Organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms Came from a living organism Inorganic Compounds Inorganic: Does Not come from living organisms CO2 Carbon Dioxide H2O Water What’s so special about CARBON? 4 outer (valence) electrons Can bind with 4 different atoms What’s so special about CARBON? Carbon has 4 places that molecules can attach to it and share! What’s so special about CARBON? Carbon has 4 places that molecules can attach to it! THE BOTTOM LINE about CARBON It has HUGE potential for making a WIDE VARIETY of different types of molecules! How to BUILD (and take apart) Organic Molecules Monomer – a small subunit (building block) that can be joined Polymer – a large molecule made up of many smaller monomer subunits How to BUILD (and take apart) Organic Molecules Macromolecule – term for VERY large polymers How to BUILD (and take apart) Organic Molecules Dehydration Synthesis Process that MAKES polymers Dehydration – lose water Synthesis – making or putting together How to BUILD (and take apart) Organic Molecules Hydrolysis Process in which polymers are broken apart Example: digestion Add back the water that was taken out Breaks polymer into monomer subunits Add back the water that was taken out Bottom Line about Making Polymers Small subunits link together to make large polymers Dehydration reactions link them Removal of water Creates covalent bonds between subunits To break apart polymers into subunits, you just add the water back Hydrolysis reaction Breaks covalent bonds between subunits Bottom Line about Making Polymers Really LONG complex molecules can be made and broken down by these methods. Like linking and unlinking cars in a train. FOUR MAJOR GROUPS of Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates Functions Quick ENERGY Energy STORAGE in PLANTS Energy STORAGE in ANIMALS Structural compounds for SUPPORT GENERAL CARB STRUCTURE: Monomers and Polymers Monomers Monosaccharides Individual car in the train Polymers Polysaccharides The whole train Monosaccharides Monomers of carbs are monosaccharides Simple/single sugars Basic formula CH2O Example: GLUCOSE; C6H12O6 Sugar made by plants in photosynthesis Others: galactose (milk sugar); fructose (fruit) Why monosaccharides are important Energy in them can be made QUICKLY available to living things Energy is stored in the chemical bonds of the sugar molecules In particular, bonds between CARBON and HYDROGEN atoms store lots of energy When these bonds are broken, energy is released This energy is then available to use Cellular respiration converts this energy to a usable form! Monosaccharide - Glucose Note that there are lots of these C-H bonds in a sugar molecule Each has lots of potential energy stored in it Disaccharides DOUBLE sugars Two monosaccharides joined Examples: Sucrose (table sugar) Glucose + fructose Lactose (milk) Galactose + glucose Why are Disaccharides useful? Not quite so easily broken down as monosaccharides Can by used by plants / animals for safe temporary storage of sugars Used in transport in plants Sugar not consumed on its way from leaves to roots Makes milk harder to digest in animals MOST adult animals cannot digest milk Keeps it for YOUNG ONLY Polysaccharides Made by joining MANY monosaccharides Sugar (thus energy) is STORED in this form TYPES of Polysaccharides STARCH PLANTS store energy in this form LOTS of GLUCOSE molecules linked in LONG CHAINS Animals CANNOT store energy in this form, but they CAN digest and USE it! Starch TYPES of Polysaccharides GLYCOGEN Energy storage carbohydrate in ANIMALS Found in the liver, mostly. ALSO made of lots of glucose linked together Glycogen Cellulose STRUCTURAL carbohydrate in in the cell wall of PLANTS SUPPORT and PROTECTION UNDIGESTABLE in our stomach BY humans ANIMALS WOOD Chitin STRUCTURAL carbohydrate Cell walls of fungi Exoskeleton of arthropods Lipids Waxes Oils Fats Steroids Functions of Lipids Energy Storage Insulation Functions of Lipids 1.Triglycerides: 3 fatty acid chains & 1 glycerol molecule Ex: animal fats (lard), plant oils 2. Phospholipids: 2 fatty acid chains & a phosphorus group; have polar & nonpolar qualities. 3 Steroids - cholesterol and hormones (estrogen and testosterone, for example) 34 Functions of Lipids shockabsorption/protection of organs formation of membranes in cells and organelles make important compounds called steroids - cholesterol and hormones (estrogen and testosterone, for example) Structure of Lipids Glycerol + 3 fatty acids Why are Fatty Acids the “important part”? fatty acids are LONG chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms remember: bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms STORE ENERGY! So fats (with their 3 fatty acids) are PACKED with energy and are GREAT at energy storage EFFICIENT energy storage Because there are SO MANY C-H bonds in fatty acids, lipids are VERY efficient ways of storing energy. Fats produce more energy per gram than carbohydrates do! more efficient means better for animals lots of energy without much "baggage“ for animals that need to move. Efficient energy storage Some plants do use oils for energy storage Corn oil, peanut oil, etc. Efficiency is just not as important for plants since they don’t have to move around - so starch is still often the primary energy storage molecule for them Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats saturated fat - when each carbon in a fatty acid shares a single covalent bond with as many hydrogen atoms as possible causes the fatty acids to be very straight they can’t bend butter and lard Saturated Fat Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats unsaturated fat - a fatty acid that has at least two carbons double bonded to each other instead of two hydrogen atoms - causes the fatty acids to bend oils the carbons are NOT bound to the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. Saturated vs. Nonsaturated Fats Protein Functions – MANY! MOST IMORTANT: ENZYMES are made from protein Synthesis – builds every structures in organism cells Structure of Proteins Monomers of AMINO ACIDS make protein 20 different types of amino acids can be used to synthesize organelles Protein Structure A protein is a polymer of amino acids Amino acid monomers link together by covalent bonds called PEPTIDE BONDS. = Proteins are long chains of amino acids sometimes called polypeptides in reference to their peptide bonds. Peptide bonds are formed the same way as all bonds among the organic compounds we're discussing - DEHYDRATION reactions. Making Proteins from Amino Acids Enzymes Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts for the chemical reactions in your body. Chemical reactions are what living things are all about. Most of the chemical reactions in your body, if left to themselves, would not happen quickly enough for you to survive. CATALYST (Enzyme)- something that speeds up a chemical reaction. Enzymes Enzymes have unique shapes LOCK AND KEY FIT designed to fit the chemicals that they are to "speed up" (the SUBSTRATES of the REACTION) The region of the enzyme that FITS the substrate specifically is called the enzyme's ACTIVE SITE. The substrate BINDS with the enzyme at the enzyme's ACTIVE SITE. Enzymes Enzymes can either: bring two (or more) reactants together more quickly and force them to react stress bonds in a single substrate and cause it to break apart more easily http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/cha pter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html Enzymes An enzyme itself is NOT CHANGED by the chemical reaction it catalyzes A single enzyme can repeat its catalytic activity with many, many substrate molecules - that is, it can be used over and over again. Enzyme catalyzed reaction Enzymes ENZYMES ARE VERY SPECIFIC! If the shape of the enzyme's active site becomes damaged, it will be unable to bind with its substrate Thus, it will be unable to function. If an enzyme loses its shape it is said to be DENATURED. enzymes can be denatured by HEAT or by extremes in pH. Nucleic Acids Functions tell the cell how to function transmit genetic information to offspring Nucleic Acids Structure Monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides Sugar Phosphate Nitrogen Base Many nucleotides linked together give a nucleic acid - RNA and DNA are the two main examples