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Nature vs. Nurture-2 What makes us human? Nurturist position: Beyond Human Nature by Jesse J. Prinz -- Norton Fall 2016 D.D. Reeder 1 History Inheritance Acquired characteristics (education.. financial (tax) Physical characteristics (height, color…..) Transmission to later generations? 1809 Lamarck proposed inheritance of both physical and acquired features. ~1850 Mendel demonstrated “regularities” in inheritance Risk Probability ~1900 no biological mechanism for inheritance (Darwin stumped) ~1910 Connected through the gametes (fertilized ovum) “gene” -- means transmitted traits Cellular inheritance transmission of characteristics from cell to cell within the organism. (DNA + epigenetic marks!) Fall 2016 D.D. Reeder 2 Mendel ~1850 Interspecies breeding (F1 hybrids) Domestication and breeding within species Law of Segregation Law of Independent Assortment Law of Dominance Inheritance passed by genes Fall 15 PLATO 3 Pseudo-Science Physiognomy Phrenology Craniometry Eugenics IQ Race Fall 2016 1796 Gall 1994 “ The Bell Curve” D.D. Reeder 4 Why two sexes? Originally only one sex (asexual reproduction … cloning_..) mitosis ~ complete inheritance > 1 sex ? Energetically costly Reproduction is slower Fitness penalty Repair of genetic information (mutation) Rapid adjustment to environment Food chain requires constant change for continuation One large gamete (ova) …..... energy production for mitosis Many small gametes (sperm) LBGTI Spectrum (Rainbow?) Fall 2016 D.D. Reeder 5 Extremes Nature: total Genetic determinism (deterministic) Nurture: “Blank Slate” (nothing genetic) (only physical phenotypes are heritable) Truth is in between – but this obvious answer is insufficient. Mendel -- “laws” of inheritabilty Driesch – established cell differentiation genetics epigenetics Trait appearing “innate” or “instinctive” is NOT determined solely from our genes (may still not be learned) Fall 2016 D.D. Reeder 6