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Learning from the Fossil Record Grade 8 Science Name: Date: Colette Gilbert January 15, 2011 Genetics Simulation Activity Below are a male and female puffalump. They have fallen madly in love and have decided to have children. What are their chances of having children with two horns, which makes them better at defending themselves? The cells in the male puffalump have two genes for one horn (O). The cells in the female puffalump have one gene for one horn (O) and one gene for two horns (T). When the male makes sperm it only contributes one of the two genes to the sperm. When the female makes an egg it only contributes one of the two genes to the egg. This is done randomly. 1. Use a penny to represent the male’s sperm. There is an O on each side of the penny. 2. Use a nickel to represent the female’s egg. There is an O on one side and a T on the other side. Learning from the Fossil Record Grade 8 Science Name: Date: Colette Gilbert January 15, 2011 3. You will flip each coin for each time they make a new sperm cell and egg cell. You will do this 15 times to make 15 sperm and eggs. Record which gene randomly was contributed to the sperm and egg each time below. SPERM (penny) O or O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O EGG (nickel) O or T O O O T T O T O T O O T O O T Two or One Horns One One One Two Two One Two One Two One One Two One One Two Random 4. If the sperm and egg combine during reproduction each time they “make a baby” the two horns will always appear if they have the T gene. If they do not have a T gene they will only have one horn. Fill in the “Two or One Horns” column. 5. How many of the puffalump offspring have one horn? 9 6. How many of the puffalump offspring have two horns? 6 7. Why are there differences between some of the siblings? Some of the siblings took after the mother and some took after the father, if the mother gave a two-horn gene, than that was what Learning from the Fossil Record Grade 8 Science Name: Date: Colette Gilbert January 15, 2011 the baby got. If the mother gave one-horn gene, than it would get one horn. It was all based on what gene the mother gave. They siblings received the same amount or combination of genes as the parents. They got the same random gees to get one horn or two horns 8. Why are there similarities between some of the siblings? It was all random whether or not the baby got one horn or two from the mother. Randomly got an O,O combination to get one horn. Starts over when the genes are transferred from each kid, but could also get the same genes that are similar. Odds stay the same. Same from mother, father, both or neither. 9. Why are some of the offspring similar to one parent and not the other? Sometimes the offspring would look like one parent because the genes it gave, could be more ‘powerful’ and the offspring would copy those to look like the mother more than the father, or vice-versa. No set order at all, and the kids could get the genes from one parent that are more dominant than the other.