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THEORY OF EVOLUTION A. LAMARCK 1. Inheritance of acquired traitscharacteristics developed during an organisms' lifetime would be passed on to offspring. a. proved untrue because traits are determined by genes. b. Law of use and disuse- the more an organism uses some part, the more developed it will became, the less used , the weaker it becomes. B.WEISMANN 1. Disproved Lamarck A. cut off tails of mice and mated them for 20 generations i. all offspring had tails C. Charles Darwin 1. 2. 3. Theory of Natural Selection Overproduction- more offspring produced than can survive. Competition- due to limited resources Variation- differences between individuals 4. 5. 6. Adaptation- characteristics that helps an organism to survive better in one environment. Natural selection- organisms with beneficial adaptations survive and reproduce Speciation- over a very long period of time new species form due to the accumulation of adaption (finches) Darwin Darwin He was born in England in 1809. Invalid mother died when he was 8 years old. He had poor grades in school. Father was a doctor and wanted him to become a doctor. He went to medical school, then tried to become a clergyman. Neither worked. Darwin Met a botanist named Prof. Henslow 1831 set sail on the Beagle as a naturalist. Was seasick most of the time. He started making collections of skins and fossils Discovered band of seashells high up in the mountains He began noticing differences in beaks of finches on different islands. 3. Adaptive radiation- divergent evolution One species occupies new environments and creates a new species in each Darwin’s finches Darwin 1836 Beagle returns – Darwin had collected 1500 animals, 4000 species. Through transmutation –( name for evolution he began studying horse and pigeon breeding. 1839 – Voyage of the Beagle was published 1842- wrote his theory of Evolution Darwin 1859- Origin of Species was first published It was not well accepted. 1871- The Descent of Man was published The Beagle Only 90 foot long, but carrying 74 people. Travels of the Beagle 1. Types of Adaptations adaptation- trait that improves chances of survival in a specific environment. A. Structural structural – involve body of the organism A. webbed feet, wings I. Evidence of Evolution B. Comparative Anatomy 1. homologous structures a. similar structure, evolution, development b. wing, arm, flipper) 2. analogous structures a. similar function b. wing of a bird and an insect Homologous vs Analogous Structures I. Evidence of Evolution B. Comparative Anatomy 3. vestigial structures a. useful in past organisms but not now b. appendix, tail vertebrae, ear muscles Vestigial Structures Appendix in Humans Leg Bones in a Whale Work on proof of evolution lab Due Thursday I. Evidence of Evolution C. Embryology Similarities 1. Haeckel(1834-1919) [German] a. “ontogeny recapitulate phylogeny” 1) embryo undergoes changes that repeat evolutionary development Diagram Showing Similarities in Early Stages of Embryo Development I. Evidence of Evolution D. Biochemistry 1. similarity in amino acids in specific proteins 2. similarity in RNA and DNA base sequences I. Evidence of Evolution D. Biochemistry 1. similarity in amino acids in specific proteins 2. similarity in RNA and DNA base sequences Comparing Amino Acid Differences of Several Organisms to Humans Work together in groups of two on amino acid sequence lab. II.Rates of Evolution A. Gradualism- evolution occurs slowly and continuously over time according to Darwin. B. Punctuated equilibrium- species stay the same for a long period of time then there is a rapid-Gould and Eldrege 1. fossil record seems to support this, but no evidence for how such change could occur so quickly can be found. III. Patterns of Evolution A. Coevolution 1. changes in two or more species closely associated 2. examples a. predator and prey b. parasite and host c. plants and plant pollinators III. Patterns of Evolution B. Convergent Evolution 1. similar phenotypes are selected (b/c of environment) but ancestors are very different a. natural selection of analogous structures because of envir. demands. 2. examples a. wings in insects and birds b. fins & shape of sharks, fish, porpoise Examples of Convergent Evolution III. Patterns of Evolution C. Divergent Evolution 1. two or more related populations or species become more dissimilar a. speciation - new species may form 2. example geographic isolation a. brown bear polar bear III. Patterns of Evolution C. Divergent Evolution 3. adaptive radiation a. many species evolve from same ancestor 1) ancestor migrates to different environments (example) Galapagos finches Adaptive Radiation – Darwin’s Finches Beak shape Depends Upon Food Source Adaptive Radiation – Hawaiian Honeycreepers Frogs and the Venomous Path- read and answer questions. C. Protection Camouflage- blends into environment Warning coloration- bright color warns of its danger ( monarch ) Mimicry- copying a successful strategy of another ( viceroy) Camouflage lab Speciation Formation of a species results from isolation and adaptive radiation. 1. geographic isolation-population divided by mountain, desert, river etc. 2. reproductive isolation – two groups cannot interbreed successfully. Different courtship behavior, mating times, mating calls Incompatible sex organs In the struggle for existence, individuals with a suite of traits that makes them better adapted to the environment seem to leave more offspring than poorly adapted individuals. This is the essence of “natural selection”. Over time, rabbits in general tend to run faster that their ancestors… There is a lot of variation in a typical population Eduardo Kac # Low Medium High In a given population of rabbits, some run faster than others and escape predators. Their offspring run fast too… Speciation The evolution of new species. IV. Variation in Populations A. Distribution of variations 1. graph is a bell curve B. Natural Selection and Changes in Populations 1. Stabilizing Selection – favors average form 2. Directional Selection – average shifts to one extreme or the other 3. Disruptive Selection – extreme forms are favored- number of individuals with the average form is reduced Stabilizing Selection Directional Selection Disruptive Selection Comparing Types of Selection Comparing Three Types of Selection Types selection: Normal- bell curve Stabilizing selection- average chosen Directional – extreme chosen Disruptive – both extreme chosen leads to speciation B. Physiological Physiological- involve metabolism Ex: venom, insecticide X X X X The few survivors from the early applications of the insecticide are those insects with genes that enable them to resist the chemical attack. Only these resistant individuals reproduce, passing on their resistance to their offspring. In each generation the percentage of insecticide-resistant individuals increases. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Other Modern-day Examples of Natural Selection and Evolutionary Change Antibiotic Resistance (NEVER quit taking a prescription of antibiotics before the bottle is empty) AZT resistance (now chemical cocktails are required) Peppered Moth and Air Pollution (moths become speckled to blend into soot -covered trees)