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DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis Overview Mr. Ludovice Why is DNA so important? • DNA shows how living organisms can pass information along to their offspring. We now know that when a baby is born, the DNA of both parents is the crucial ingredient that is passed on to the child. DNA applications • Crime scenes (CSI: Miami) • Paternity testing • Diseases and disorders What if DNA in animals were mixed? • Chimpanzee dog •Elephant Chimpanzee • Fox bird •Kangaroo Squirrel Names to remember • Griffith – Discovered the concept of transformation • Avery – Provided evidence that DNA is genetic material • Hershey and Chase – Confirmed that DNA is hereditary material • Watson and Crick – Developed model of DNA structure (Double Helix) DNA composition • Subunits = nucleotides – 3 parts = deoxyribose (sugar), phosphate group, and a base • Chargaff’s Rule-base pairings – Adenine binds with Thymine – Guanine binds with Cytosine How DNA is copied • Process of replication – Preserves the sequence of bases in an organism’s DNA. • Remember that A-T and G-C are complimentary so they must match up Ch 12 section 3 Protein Synthesis • the transfer of genetic material to the ribosome but DNA stays in the nucleus! • Gene expression = use of DNA information to form proteins – 2 stages → – first is transcription = mRNA copy is made. – Second is translation = 3 different RNA’s (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) work to assemble amino acids into protein molecule. • One big difference in base pairs → Thymine is now Uracil in RNA Sickle Cell Anemia Amino Acid Polarities Protein Synthesis Gene Expression and Genetic Code • In genes there are sequences called exons and introns • Exons = portion of gene that codes for an amino acid • Introns = non-coding ‘garbage’ • Genes can jump to new locations transposons • Transposons create mutations Mutations • Random permanent changes in the DNA • Types of mutation – chart pg 346 in text – Additions -reading frame-shift – Deletions- reading frame-shift – Substitutions – Inversions – Translocations – Transposons Vocab words to know • • • • • • • Template Hydrogen bonds Peptide bonds Triplet, codon, anticodon Splicing, (ligase) Intron , Exon Mutations Compare and contrast DNA / RNA • • • • • Practice sheets in packet Reference to DNA Reference to RNA Reference to both DNA and RNA Reference to neither DNA and RNA