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DNA Replication and Protein
Synthesis
Overview
Mr. Ludovice
Why is DNA so important?
• DNA shows how living organisms can
pass information along to their offspring.
We now know that when a baby is born,
the DNA of both parents is the crucial
ingredient that is passed on to the child.
DNA applications
• Crime scenes (CSI: Miami)
• Paternity testing
• Diseases and disorders
What if DNA in animals were
mixed?
• Chimpanzee dog
•Elephant Chimpanzee
• Fox bird
•Kangaroo Squirrel
Names to remember
• Griffith
– Discovered the concept of transformation
• Avery
– Provided evidence that DNA is genetic material
• Hershey and Chase
– Confirmed that DNA is hereditary material
• Watson and Crick
– Developed model of DNA structure (Double Helix)
DNA composition
• Subunits = nucleotides
– 3 parts = deoxyribose (sugar), phosphate
group, and a base
• Chargaff’s Rule-base pairings
– Adenine binds with Thymine
– Guanine binds with Cytosine
How DNA is copied
• Process of replication
– Preserves the sequence of bases in an
organism’s DNA.
• Remember that A-T and G-C are
complimentary so they must match up
Ch 12 section 3
Protein Synthesis
• the transfer of genetic material to the ribosome
but DNA stays in the nucleus!
• Gene expression = use of DNA information to
form proteins
– 2 stages →
– first is transcription = mRNA copy is made.
– Second is translation = 3 different RNA’s (mRNA,
tRNA, rRNA) work to assemble amino acids into
protein molecule.
• One big difference in base pairs → Thymine is
now Uracil in RNA
Sickle Cell Anemia
Amino Acid Polarities
Protein Synthesis
Gene Expression and Genetic
Code
• In genes there are sequences called
exons and introns
• Exons = portion of gene that codes for an
amino acid
• Introns = non-coding ‘garbage’
• Genes can jump to new locations
transposons
• Transposons create mutations
Mutations
• Random permanent changes in the DNA
• Types of mutation – chart pg 346 in text
– Additions -reading frame-shift
– Deletions- reading frame-shift
– Substitutions
– Inversions
– Translocations
– Transposons
Vocab words to know
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Template
Hydrogen bonds
Peptide bonds
Triplet, codon, anticodon
Splicing, (ligase)
Intron , Exon
Mutations
Compare and contrast DNA / RNA
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Practice sheets in packet
Reference to DNA
Reference to RNA
Reference to both DNA and RNA
Reference to neither DNA and RNA