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Ocean Floor ¨ Continental Shelf ¤ Begins at the shoreline ¤ Gently slopes underwater ¤ Average depth of 430 feet ¤ Thick layers of sand, mud, and rocks ¤ The beach is part of the Continental Shelf Ocean Floor ¨ Continental Slope ¤ Begins at the Continental Shelf ¤ Very sharp drop to depths over 2 miles ¤ Covered with thick layers of sand, mud, and rocks Ocean Floor ¨ Continental Rise ¤ Begins at the Continental Slope ¤ Gently slops to the ocean floor ¤ Covered in thick layers of sand, mud, and rocks Ocean Floor ¨ Abyssal Plain ¤ Begins at the Continental Rise ¤ Flat area of the ocean floor ¤ Covered with sand, mud, and plant and animal remains Ocean Floor ¨ Parts of the Abyssal Plain ¤ Seamounts n Undersea Mountains n Formed by erupting volcanoes ¤ Ocean Trenches n Very deep canyons on the ocean floor n Deepest ocean trench is the Marianas Trench in the Pacific Ocean Continental Shelf Motion of the Ocean ¨ Water Line Continental Slope Ocean Trenches ¤ Very deep canyons on the ocean floor Seamount ¤ Deepest ocean trench is the Marianas Trench in the Pacific Ocean Continental Rise Abyssal Plain Ocean Trench Abyssal Plain Motion of the Ocean All the oceans are really one big “World Ocean” ¨ The oceans are always moving ¨ Three basic forms of motion ¤ Waves ¤ Tides ¤ Currents ¨ Motion of the Ocean ¨ Currents ¤ Ocean waters that travel in huge circular patters ¤ Mix the ocean waters of the world together ¤ Impact where ocean plants and animals live ¤ Impact movement of ships around the world ¤ Three things cause currents: n Wind Patterns n Temperature n Salinity Motion of the Ocean ¨ Wind Patterns ¤ Winds that blow the same direction all year can impact currents ¤ Corollas Effect: The impact the rotation of the earth has on wind patterns and ocean currents Motion of the Ocean ¨ Temperature ¤ Currents can be created by changes in water temperature ¤ As water heats up, it become lighter and rises ¤ As water cools off, it sinks to the bottom ¤ This up and down movement of hot and cold water creates currents Motion of the Ocean ¨ Salinity ¤ Salinity is the amount of salt in the water ¤ The heat from the sun indirectly impacts the amount of salt in the ocean ¤ At the equator, where the sun has a greater impact on the ocean, the water becomes hotter and more water evaporates ¤ The more water that evaporates, the higher the salinity of the remaining water ¤ Salty water is heavier and sinks ¤ Less salty water rises ¤ This sinking and rising creates ocean currents Motion of the Ocean ¨ Examples of Currents ¤ Gulf Stream n Runs along the east coast of the United States n Located in the Atlantic Ocean n One of the strongest currents n It is like a river of warm water flowing on top of deeper colder ocean water n It is the reason for Europe’s warm and mild temperatures Tiny Creatures – Big Impact Plankton – Tiny free-floating organisms that live in water ¨ Two Types ¨ ¤ Zooplankton – Animal Like ¤ Phytoplankton – Plant Like Phytoplankton carry out most of the photosynthesis on the planet, which means they provide much of the Earth’s oxygen ¨ Phytoplankton form the base of the ocean food web ¨ Tiny Creatures – Big Impact Phytoplankton carry out most of the photosynthesis on the planet, which means they provide much of the Earth’s oxygen ¨ Phytoplankton form the base of the ocean food web ¨ Plankton live in areas where nutrient-rich water upwells from the deep ¨ Types of Rock There are three different kinds of rock ¨ The are classified (labeled) by how they are formed 1. Sedimentary: Layers of sediment cemented together ¨ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Coal Iron Ore Flint Sandstone Shale Types of Rock There are three different kinds of rock ¨ The are classified (labeled) by how they are formed 1. Sedimentary: Layers of sediment cemented together 2. Igneous: Melted and cooled ¨ 1. 2. 3. Obsidian Pumice Pegmatite Types of Rock There are three different kinds of rock ¨ The are classified (labeled) by how they are formed 1. Sedimentary: Layers of sediment cemented together 2. Igneous: Melted and cooled 3. Metamorphic: Changed by heat and pressure ¨ 1. 2. 3. 4. Marble Quartzite Slate Soapstone Rock Cycle Rocks do not spend their entire lives as one type of rock ¨ They transition from one type to another over long periods of time ¨