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Unit XII: Abnormal Behavior Module 69 Other Disorders Somatic Symptom & Related Disorders 69-1 Somatic Symptom Disorders 69-1 • Psychological disorders in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause. • Two types are: Conversion disorders – anxiety is converted into a physical symptom Illness anxiety disorder– normal physical sensations are interpreted as symptoms of a disease Dissociative Disorders 69-2 Dissociative Disorders 69-2 • Conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. • Symptoms: 1. Having a sense of being unreal. 2. Being separated from the body. 3. Watching yourself as if in a movie. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) 69-2 • A disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities, formerly called multiple personality disorder. Chris Sizemore DID Critics • Critics argue that the diagnosis of DID increased in the late 20th century. • DID has rarely been found in other countries. • Skeptics argue that DID is roleplaying by people open to a therapist’s suggestion (Sybil) or a learned response that reinforces reductions in anxiety. 69-2 Eating Disorders 69-3 Anorexia Nervosa 69-3 • A condition in which a normal-weight person (usually an adolescent woman) continuously loses weight but still feels overweight. 1930s 2010 Bulimia Nervosa • A disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, using laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise. 69-3 Binge Eating Disorder 69-3 • A disorder characterized by episodes of binge eating, followed by feelings of remorse or disgust - but without purging or fasting Reasons for Eating Disorders? 69-3 • Families in which weight is an excessive concern • Low self-esteem, perfectionistic standards, overly concerned with others’ opinions • More likely to occur in identical twins rather than fraternal twins • Culture, gender, media • Changes in body size throughout history… Venus of Willendorf: c. 22,000-21,000 BCE The Arrival of Marie de' Medici at Marseilles, by Peter Paul Rubens 1622-26 The Bathers, by Pierre Auguste Renoir 1887 1950s sex symbol Marilyn Monroe was a size 10 Modern-day fashion model vs. Holocaust victim Dove’s Campaign for Real Beauty The goal of the Operation Beautiful website is to end negative self-talk or “Fat Talk.” Personality Disorders 69-4 Personality Disorders • Characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning 69-4 Antisocial Personality Disorder 69-4 • A disorder in which the person (usually men) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. • Formerly, this person was called a sociopath or psychopath. Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder • Biological relatives of those with antisocial tendencies are at increased risk for antisocial behavior • Some specific genes have been identified as being more common in those with antisocial personality disorder • Lower levels of stress hormones as children 69-4 Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder 69-4 • PET scans of 41 murderers revealed reduced activity in the frontal lobes (impulse control) • In a follow-up study, repeat offenders had 11% less frontal lobe activity (planning, organization, inhibition) Normal Murderer Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder 69-4 Biopsychosocial Approach: based on a Dutch research study