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Transcript
kvdw
Reden van komst: Sepsis
Voorgeschiedenis: Recent behandeld door de huisarts in verband met een LWI (april 2014)
Medicatie: Geen
Anamnese: Sinds gistermorgen ineens hoge koorts onbekend hoe hoog, koude rillingen,
wisselend over de dag. Verder gisteren geen richting gevende
klachten. Vanmorgen bij opstaan opnieuw koortsig voelen, koude rillingen, en na opstaan
gecollabeerd bij het toilet, even buiten bewustzijn geweest. Vandaag twee keer diarree
gehad. Geen buikpijn. Niet misselijk of gebraakt. Voelt zich niet dyspnoeisch. Hoesten -,
sputum -. Geen strangurie of hematurie. Geen pob, of pijn elders.
Laatst gemeten vitale gegevens
Pols: 120 RR rechts: 85 / 50 Temperatuur: 38.8 Ademfrequentie: 40
Lichamelijk onderzoek : Algemene indruk: Zieke patient, perifeer geknepen Bewustzijn: Helder,
alert Thorax: cor: normale cortonen, geen souffle
pulmones: alleen ventraal beluisterd, VAG bdz, beiderzijds basaal spoor crepiteren
Abdomen: abdomen: normale peristaltiek, wisselende tympanie, soepel, niet pijnlijk, geen afw
palpabel
Laboratoriumonderzoek Datum: 28-05-2014 11:12 pH 7.25 ; pCO2 3.9 kPa; pO2 12.8 kPa; HCO3
12.4 mmol/l; Base excess -13.4 mmol/l; sO2 gemeten 97 %; Calcium geïoniseerd 1.09 mmol/l;
Lactaat 8.2 mmol/l.
Radiologie: X-thorax: geen evident infiltraat
Diagnose: Sepsis, met septische shock, eci dd urosepsis, pneumosepsis
Geen verbetering na totaal 3 liter vulling
Lactaat 8.2
IC icc: overname
Dhr B 26-1-48
• Sinds gisteren koorts met KR, vanmorgen
gecollabeerd bij toiletbezoek
• Spoedvisite huisarts: lage saturatie, tachycard,
hypotensief; SEH
• SEH: dubbelzijdige pneumonie, gevuld zonder
resultaat, lactaat 8
• DD pneumosepsis, ctx + genta, naar IC
Beloop
• Niet controleerbare sepsis / MOF; overleden
Lab: Diff gedaan; L 1,28 thrombo’s 93
Rekensommetje
• 80 erythrocyten per gezichtsveld
• 5 miljoen erytrocyten per microliter, 5
liter bloed, 25 biljoen erytrocyten
(25.000.000.000.000)
• 3 duplokokken pg (3 duplokokken
intracellulair niet meegeteld)
• Intravasculair 3/80 * 25.000.000.000.000
= 937.500.000.000 duplokokken
• E coli 665 femtogram;
stel duplokok 500 femtogram (500 * 10 12 gram)
• Pneumokokken load intravasculair:
ongeveer 500 gram
en dan nog de pneumokokken in de
longen en overige weefsels
Pneumokokken sepsis
• Mortaliteit
pneumonie: 5%, sepsis: 20%, meningitis: 30%
• Diverse serotypes; associatie serotype – ziekte wisselend per
land / in de tijd / na vaccinatie
• In bloedbaan hebben pneumokkken meer kapsel
polysaccharide; ontsnappen aan afweer, biofilm productie,
invasiever
• kapsel polysaccharide verhindert binding complement, CRP,
MBL en AL (fagocyten)
•
Innate invasion versus innate immunity. The majority of respiratory pathogens
have phosphorylcholine (PCho) on their surfaces. PCho is on the cell wall teichoic
acid of pneumococci (pictured as blue circles on cell wall surface extensions).
PCho, by mimicking the host chemokine PAF, binds to the host cell plateletactivating factor receptor (PAFr) and its scaffold of β arrestins, leading to the
uptake of bacteria into a vesicle and transmigration across the epithelial or
endothelial barrier. This simple invasion step is countered by innate immune
elements. C-reactive protein binds to PCho on the bacteria and surfactant
contains abundant PCho, both of which inhibit bacterial contact with the host
cell.
•
Pneumococcal cell wall PAMPs in disease progression. The cell wall of pneumococci is
a major determinant of the course of disease. The interaction of PCho on the cell wall
teichoic acid binds to PAFr and enables bacterial invasion of cells and transmigration
across barriers. It also enables the cell wall itself to traffic to all organs (inset top: view
through the cranial window of fluorescein-tagged cell wall pieces migrating from
vasculature to brain). In the tissues, cell wall subcomponents generate intense
inflammation by interacting with TLR2 and Nod2. Signaling through these receptors
activates NF-κB pathways, cytokine, and chemokine production, leading to intense
neutrophil recruitment (inset bottom: Gram stain of pneumococcus [blue] and
neutrophils [red] in the lung).
•
Host cell damage by pneumococcal components. During the inflammatory response,
host cells are subjected to bacterial and host-derived toxic stimuli. Early in the course
of disease, the bacteria produce the potent pore-forming cytotoxin pneumolysin and
copious amounts of hydrogen peroxide, both of which kill host cells independent of
caspases. Later in the course of the inflammatory response, when cell wall debris has
induced neutrophil recruitment, host cells undergo caspase-dependent apoptosis. The
caspase inhibitor z-VAD-FMK attenuates only half of the damage in infected tissues
(inset: orange, dead cells; green, live cells).