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MEDIEVAL
TIMES
Fall of Rome
In 330 AD the Roman Empire
Splits
The new capital is
Constantinople
The Germanic Barbarians invade
the Western Roman territories
and by the 4th and 5th century
Western Rome disappears
Visigoths, Lombards, Goths,
Vandals, etc..
Germanic Invasions
Many convert to
Christianity
By the 5th century many
Roman soldiers were
actually German
The Lombards settle in
Italy and eventually
brought down the entire
Western Roman Empire
Arian heresy—Germanic
Christians at odds with
the Pope
Franks (French)
Founded by Clovis the 1st
Merovingian King
By 8th century his line will fall
due to heavy inbreeding
Charles “the HAMMER” Martel
Victor at the Battles of
Pointers and Tours over the
Muslims
Savior of Christendom
Pepin II: Anointed by Pope Boniface
I in Italy as the defender of the faith
Last Merovingian King
Has 2 sons: Charles and Charlemon
Charlemon disappears and Charles
become the sole heir
Charles will due to his conquest of
the Germanic invaders be dubbed
CHARLEMAGNE---Charles the Great
Crowned by the Pope on Christmas
day 800 AD beginning the Holy
Roman Empire
Holy Roman Empire
All leaders are only recognized if
crowned by the Pope
It will last in some fashion until 1806
AD
This created a very close
relationship between the Germans
and the Italians
After the death of Charlemagne his
empire is divided to his three sons
Louis-Germany, Lothair-Italy,
Charles II-France
FEUDALISM
King passed out land
Noble or lord
controlled land given
by king
Vassals oversaw lands
of the lords
Serfs peasants who
farmed the land
they belonged to the
land
paid the vassals with
a % of their crops
Hard difficult life
KNIGHTS
SONS OF
NOBLES
PAGE AT AGE OF
7
CHIVILARY
Squire
TEEN YEARS
SERVES THE KNIGHT
SKILLS: FISHING, HUNTING,
CHESS, MUSICAL
INSTRUMENT
TOOK CARE OF KNIGHTS
WEAPONS, HORSE, AND
EQUIPMENT
AGE OF 21
SHOW SKILLS WITH
WEAPONS
DUBBING OF THE KNIGHT
Promise to
KEEP CHRISTIAN FAITH
HONEST AND FORTHRIGHT
PROTECT THOSE WEAKER
THAN THEY
CASTLES OF THE MIDDLE AGES
The Middle Ages saw castles,
chivalry, and the birth of
Romance.
Castles in Europe evolved from
the first wooden forts made to
lodge a garrison to spectacular
stone structures able to support a
small army for extended times
Battle and beauty were now
married together.
William the Conqueror's use of
castles during the Norman invasion
changed the way medieval battles
were fought for hundreds of years.
To withstand besieging, castle
walls were sometimes constructed
to be up to 30 feet thick. Some
fortresses had towers soaring a
hundred feet high. The castle
reigned supreme until the use of
gunpowder and artillery made them
rather obsolete in the late 17th
century. These medieval
strongholds exploited as much
strength as possible.
MEDIEVAL CASTLE
Weapons of Middle Ages
SWORD
CATAPULT
MACE
TREBUCHET
LONGBOW
ARMOUR
AXE
BATTERING
RAM
SHIELD
CROSSBOW
CROSSBOW
CATAPULT
TREBUCHET
England
Alfred the Great
United the Anglo-Saxons
Angleland----ENGLAND
Battle of Hastings (1066)
William of Normandy
Harold of Wessex
Battle is won by William and
he now controls England
and France (Normandy)
Battle occurred in 1066 AD
BATTLE OF HASTINGS 1066 AD
William the Conqueror
Feudalism is brought to
England
Collects heavy taxes
Institutes the social systems
of the Feudal Lords
TERRITORY OF WILLIAM THE
CONQUEROR
WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR
Edward the Confessor
Restores peace to England
Dies with no heir
He was 1/2 Norman (Fr) and
1/2 Saxon (EN)
TURKS & MONGOLS
GHENGIS KHAN 1206—ALL OF ASIA
SELJUK TURKS—ASIA TO MIDDLE EAST
– MANZIKERT 1071, SLAVE RULERS
MAMLUKS—TURKS THAT TOOK POWER
TIMERLANE—1390’S—TURKISH
– UNITED TURKS & MONGOLS
MUSLIM--RUTHLESS
MARCO POLO—1ST EUROPEAN TO VISIT
CHINA—KUBLAI KHAN
OTTOMAN TURKS–
– DEFEAT MONGOLS, BYZANTINES AND
CONQUER THE EAST
The Catholic Church
Dominant spiritual
and political leader
of middle ages
Very few people did
not recognize the
churches authority
Sacraments: Church
rituals
Latin: language of
the church
Problems with the
church:
–
–
–
–
Lay investiture
Heresy
Friars
Disunity
***THE INQUISITION***
CONVERSION OF
HERETICS BY
FORCE SET UP BY
THE CHURCH IN
1232***
The Crusades
Called for 1st after the Battle of
Manzikert in which the Muslims
defeat the Eastern Christians
(unanswered)
A crusade is a holy war
The crusades would lead to over
100 years of holy war in the east
The Christian crusaders would
introduce the idea of JIHAD to the
Muslim World
MAP OF CRUSADES TO THE EAST
POPE URBAN II
Called for 1st crusade against the Muslims
in the east
Preached the idea of a JUST AND HOLY
WAR
Offered INDULGENCES to all crusaders
Did all of this at the Council at Clermont
“Jerusalem is now held captive by the
enemies of Christ, those who do not know
God, the heathen. Jerusalem wants to be
free and begs you to come and help”!!!!!
POPE URBAN II CALLS
FOR A CRUSADE
1st CRUSADE
A pilgrimage for INDULGENCES
Peter the Hermit and the Peoples
Crusade
Harsh and trying crusade
The call to TAKE THE CROSS was a
hard reality
The 1st crusade takes the Holy land
(Jerusalem) in 1099 (let in through a
window)
ONLY SUCCESSFUL CRUSADE IN THE
EAST
RESULTS OF FIRST CRUSADE
Christians control Jerusalem (briefly)
Creation of military orders (Knights
Templar, Teutonic, Hostpitallers)
Cannot hold the Holy Land for lack of
settlers
Cause great hatred between Muslims of
the east and the Christians
**Actions of the Christians show no
MERCY**
KNIGHTS TEMPLAR
BAPHOMET AND THE FALL OF THE
KNIGHTS TEMPLAR
ACCUSED BY
PHILLIP THE FAIR OF
FRANCE OF HERESY
JUDGED BY POPE
CLERMONT V AS
GUILTY
ALL ARRESTED AND
EXECUTED AFTER
CONFESSING
(TORTURED) IN 1307
Other Crusades
2nd Crusade: failed Miserably, lead
by King Louis VII of France and
Conrad III of Germany
Muslims wiped out Crusaders
Battle of Hattin: Last Stand of 2nd
Crusade
Saladin: Kurdish leader that
defeats the Crusaders and retakes
Jerusalem in 1187
Crusades of Kings
Lead by Richard I, Fredrick I, & Philip II
Left in 1189, Failed to regain Jerusalem
Richard executes 2700 children and women
at Acre to prove a point to Saladin
Fredrick drowns halfway in and his men
leave, this caused the failure of the 2nd
crusade
Eventually Richard the Lionheart will retreat
back to England and be Kidnapped on the
way by the King of Austria and ransomed
back to England
RICHARD AT ACRE
TEUTONIC KNIGHTS
MAJOR CRUSADING PEOPLE
INNOCENT III: CALLED FOR 4TH
CRUSADE, MOST POWERFUL POPE IN
HISTORY
FREDRICK II—TAKES JERUSALEM
WITHOUT A FIGHT BUT IS
UNRECOGNIZED
LOUIS IX (ST. LOUIS) KING OF FRANCE
WHOSE FAILED CRUSADE ENDED ALL
REAL EFFORTS
BATTLES OF THE CRUSADES
EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES IN
THE WESTERN WORLD
CENTER OF CHRISTIANITY
(JERUSALEM) HELD BY MUSLIMS
LOSS OF RESPECT FOR CHURCH AND
CRUSADING (BECAME POLITICAL)
DISASTEROUS FOR THE JEWS
DID LEAD TO INCREASED DESIRE FOR
EASTERN GOODS LEADING TO THE
AGE OF EXPLORATION
ADVANCES IN SHIP BUILDING AND
NAVIGATION
SACKING OF CONSTNTINOPLE
100 YEARS WAR
WAR BETWEEN FRANCE AND
ENGLAND
FROM 1337-1453 (112 YEARS)
ENGLISH GAINED AN ADVANTAGE
UNDER HENRY V, AFTER HIS DEATH
WAR RESUMES
JOAN OF ARC, PEASANT FRENCH
GIRL SAID SHE HAD SPOKEN TO
GOD HELPED TO BUILD FRENCH
MORALE
JOAN OF ARC
MAJOR BATTLES OF THE 100
YEARS WAR
CRECY: A GREAT ENGLISH
VICTORY
– LONGBOW DEVASTATES THE
FRENCH FORCES, NO REAL
BATTLES FOR 10 YEARS AFTER
– “ARROWS FELL SO THICK IT
SEEMED AS IF IT HAD BEGAN TO
SNOW”
POINTERS AND AGINCOURT:
– BLACK PRINCE ONCE AGAIN FACED
THE ONSLAUGHT OF THE
LONGBOW
– KING JOHN AND THE BLACK
PRINCE ARE CAPTURED BY THE
ENGLISH
– THESE LOSSES BY THE FRENCH
AND THE LOSS AT TROYES ALL
LEAD TO ENGLISH KING HENRY V
MARRYING CATHERINE OF VALOIS
– AFTER 100 YEARS OF WARFARE ON
FRENCH SOIL THE WAR ENDED
RESULTS OF THE 100 YEARS WAR
ENDED ENGLISH ATTEMPTS TO
CONTROL ALL OF EUROPE
PROBLEMS WITH ROYAL FAMILY OF
ENGLAND (HENRY’S MARRIAGE TO
HOUSE OF VALIOS)
MILITARY ADVANCES, VALUED OF
FEUDAL KNIGHTS DISAPPEARS
ESTABLISHMENT OF MANY OF THE
MODERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
***NOBILITY AND SECULAR
INFIGHTING AND NO LEADERSHIP***
WAR OF THE ROSES
STRUGGLE FOR THE
ENGLISH THRONE
RED –HOUSE OF
LANCASTER
WHITE ---HOUSE OF YORK
AT THE END OF A BLOODY
CONFLICT, INCLUDING THE
MURDER OF FAMILY IN THE
TOWER IN LONDON
IN THE END THE HOUSE OF
LANCASTER AND HENRY
VII TAKE CONTROL OF THE
ENGLISH THRONE AND THE
TUDOR DYNASTY IN
CHARGE
BEGINS 1380’S
ENDS AT
BOSWORTH
FIELD WITH THE
DEATH OF
RICHARD III AT
THE HANDS OF
HENRY VII, FIRST
TUDOR KING OF
ENGLAND
Important dates of the middle ages
800: Charlemagne crowned emperor
1066: Battle of Hastings
1099: capture of Jerusalem by
Crusaders
1198: Fall of Jerusalem to Saladin
1215: Magna Carta
1348-1350: Worst of Black Death
1337-1453: 100 Years War
1455-1485: English War of the Roses