* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download The Crusades Theme: Mixed reasons for and mixed results of warfare
Survey
Document related concepts
Church of the Holy Sepulchre wikipedia , lookup
Kingdom of Jerusalem wikipedia , lookup
Rhineland massacres wikipedia , lookup
Savoyard crusade wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Arsuf wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Nicopolis wikipedia , lookup
Third Crusade wikipedia , lookup
Albigensian Crusade wikipedia , lookup
Despenser's Crusade wikipedia , lookup
Siege of Acre (1189–1191) wikipedia , lookup
History of Jerusalem during the Kingdom of Jerusalem wikipedia , lookup
Siege of Acre (1291) wikipedia , lookup
Fourth Crusade wikipedia , lookup
Northern Crusades wikipedia , lookup
Second Crusade wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
The Crusades Mixed reasons for and mixed results of religious warfare The Crusades 1096-1291 For nearly 200 years European Christian crusaders sought to capture to the Holy Land from the Muslims Decline of Byzantium • Muslim Seljuks won an important victory at Manzikert in 1071 • The Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus asked Pope Urban II to help him against the Muslims Pope Urban II • Pope Urban responded at Clermont, France in 1095. He called upon Christians to “Enter upon the road to the Holy Sepulcher; wrest that land from the wicked race, and subject it to yourselves…” • Urban’s speech with the help of others like Peter the Hermit would help launch the first of multiple (9+) Crusades over 200 years Reasons for the Crusades • Significance of Jerusalem to the Christian religion and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre to which Christians throughout the Middle Ages made holy pilgrimages • Jerusalem was held by the Saracens until 1065 when taken by the Turks who no longer guaranteed safe passage to Christians A pilgrim camp near Jericho by David Roberts Reasons for the Crusades • The Byzantine Empire was in decline and could no longer act as a buffer between Muslim East and the Catholic West • The Pope hoped to unite the eastern Mediterranean and Byzantine Empire and the divided Christian faith under the banner of the Roman/Latin Church Reasons for the Crusades • Peter the Hermit who was commissioned by Pope Urban II traversed all Italy and France preaching support for a crusade • Sincere religious piety and conviction. "Dieu le volt!” It is the Will of God Reasons for the Crusades • Italian city-states, with their large navies, hoped for commercial gains and to break Muslim trade routes • Reduction in surplus population and feudal competition and warfare Reasons for the Crusades • The restless spirit of the Teutonic peoples of Europe, who had not yet outgrown barbarian instincts • Feudal knights and lords, animated by the rising spirit of chivalry, were ready to enlist in an undertaking consonant with their martial feelings and vows of chivalry and knighthood Mobilization of the Crusades • In preaching the Crusade Pope Urban offered extraordinary inducements including a plenary indulgence remitting all punishments due to sin for those who died and guaranteed admission to heaven • Serfs were allowed to leave the land to which they were bound • Citizens were exempted from taxes and religious obligations • Prisoners were freed and death sentences were commuted by a bold extension of Papal authority to life service in Palestine The Crusaders: Who Were They? • A variety of motivations resulted in a widely varied group of Crusaders – Men tired of hopeless poverty – Younger sons seeking fortunes – Adventurers seeking action – Merchants looking for new markets – Lords whose enlisting serfs had left them laborless – Sincerely religious individuals wanting to rescue the land of Christ The First Crusade • The word “crusade” comes from the Spanish cruzade (from L. crux) which means “marked with the cross” • Crusaders wore red crosses on their chests to symbolize their purpose The People’s Crusade • The initial crusade or People’s Crusade led by Peter the Hermit and Walter the Penniless, quickly devolved into disorder, hunger, and illdiscipline. They were all but annihilated by a force of Turks at Nicea and returned to Constantinople The First Crusade 1096-99 • More organized Crusaders, under the leadership of various feudal leaders, moved by various routes to Constantinople • There the Emperor Alexius gave them provisions and bribes in exchange for a pledge of fealty (at least) Godfrey of Bouillon was among the most brave, pious, competent, and fanatical leaders of the First Crusade The First Crusade • The First Crusaders met a divided Muslim force and won victories at Nicea in 1097 and Antioch in 1098 • By June 1099, after a three year campaign, 12,000 of the original 300,000 Crusaders reached and soon took Jerusalem Siege of Antioch The First Crusade • July 15 1098 the Crusaders went over the city walls of Jerusalem and unleashed horrific carnage – Blood reportedly ran knee-deep – Over 70,000 Moslems were slaughtered – Jews were herded into synagogues and burned alive. 1000s killed The First Crusade • Administrative rule of Jerusalem proved problematic • Eventually the kingdom was parceled into independent fiefs reducing the former owners to the condition of serfs • The native Christian population came to look back on the era of Moslem rule as a golden age Godfrey served as the first ruler of Jerusalem Knights • The establishment of new orders of military monks partially offset these weaknesses • The Knights Templar began by protecting and nursing pilgrims but gravitated to active attacks on Muslim strongholds • Both orders would come to play prominent roles in the battles of the Crusades and earned great reputations as warriors Seal of the Knights Templar Muslim Counterattack • Most Crusaders returned to Europe after freeing Jerusalem, creating a manpower shortage • Muslim refugees retreated to Baghdad and demanded a force retake Jerusalem • In 1144, Muslims under Zengi retook the Christian’s outpost at Edessa. Beginning of jihad (?) • Such developments spur the Second Crusade The Second Crusade 1147-49 • Announced by Pope Eugene III, it was the first of the crusades led by European kings • Muslim forces were ready and German and French crusaders were slaughtered • It ultimately led to the fall of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade at the end of the 12th century The Second Crusade 1147-49 The Second Crusade 1147-49 • Begins with 500,000. Most lost to starvation/disease/battle • News of the defeat of the Second Crusade shocked Europe – Christians wondered how God would allow them to be so humiliated by the infidel – Defeat was viewed as punishment for sins – Enthusiasm for the Crusades waned rapidly • While the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem continued to be torn by internal strife, its Muslim enemies were moving toward unity Saladin • In 1175, Saladin brought Egypt and Muslim Syria under one rule • In 1185, he signed a four-year truce with the Latin kingdom but the Christians violated it • He declared a holy war against the Christians and captured Jerusalem in 1187 – Considered far more generous and temperate than Crusaders Saladin was generally described favorably by both Eastern and Western sources The Third Crusade 1189-1192 • The Third Crusade (aka the Kings' Crusade), was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin • Involved Richard I of England (Lion-hearted), Phillip II of France, Frederick I of Holy Roman Empire The Third Crusade 1189-1192 The Third Crusade 1189-1192 • Richard and Saladin engaged in a “unique campaign in which blows and battles alternated with compliments and courtesies” (Durant, 599) – Richard proposed his sister marry Saladin’s brother – They each signed peace treaties then rejected them – Richard conferred knighthood on the son of a Muslim ambassador – Richard got sick and Saladin sent him his own physician and some fruit – Saladin once saw Richard unmounted in battle and sent him a horse The Third Crusade 1189-1192 • In the end Richard and Saladin signed a peace for three years beginning September 1192 – Richard would keep the coastal cities captured. Moslems and Christians could pass freely into and from each other’s territory – Christian Pilgrims would be protected in Jerusalem – Jerusalem would remain in Muslim hands The Third Crusade 1189-1192 • Richard possessed superior brilliance, courage, and knowledge of the military art, but Saladin’s moderation, patience, and justice had carried the day • The relative unity and fidelity of the Muslims had once again triumphed over the Christians’ divisions and disloyalties The Fourth Crusade 1199-1204 • Europe was in turmoil with renewed fighting between France and England, but the death of Saladin and the breakup of his empire renewed hope for another Crusade • In exchange for its financial support, Venice exacted a promise that the Crusaders would capture the important port of Zara and turn it over to her • The Fourth Crusade would be marked by avarice The Fourth Crusade 1199-1204 • The temptation to capture Constantinople which had derived much profit from the Crusades was too great • Seizing Constantinople would not only provide financial benefit, it would also restore it to the Western Church • In 1204 the Crusaders captured and looted Constantinople The Fourth Crusade 1199-1204 • The Byzantine Empire was divided into feudal dominions, each ruled by a Latin noble • Most Crusaders returned home, perhaps thinking that by securing Constantinople they now had a stronger base against the Muslims • Only a handful continued to Palestine and had no effect there • The Byzantine Empire never recovered and the Latin capture of Constantinople served to prepare it for capture by the Turks two centuries later • In 1453, when attacked by Turks, Byzantines preferred surrender to asking Rome for aid Collapse of the Crusades • The scandal of the Fourth Crusade and the failure of the Third quenched the greater fire for Crusades but several half-hearted efforts would continue until 1291 • In 1291, the Moslems seized Acre. Tyre, Sidon, Haifa, and Beirut fell soon afterward Among the ineffective latter crusades was the “Children’s Crusade” of 1212 in which thousands of children ended up drowning or being sold into slavery Results of the Crusades • Negative Outcomes (from a western perspective) – Jerusalem was in Muslim hands. Muslim civilization had been victorious – Christian pilgrims became fewer and more fearful than ever – The Muslim powers, once tolerant of religious diversity, had been made intolerant by the Crusaders’ attack – The effort of the popes to bring peace and unity to Europe had been thwarted by nationalistic ambitions, avarice, and internal dissention – The influence of the Catholic Church and the position of the pope declined and the schism between the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Church widened Results of the Crusades • Negative Outcomes (from a western perspective) – Eastern Christians were caught in the middle between Crusaders and Muslims, and many outraged by the excesses of the Crusaders or who wanted to avoid persecution by Muslim leaders converted to Islam – Ironically the Crusades proved instrumental in making the eastern Mediterranean predominantly Muslim – Lasting mistrust between Christians and Muslims Results of the Crusades • Positive Outcomes – Serfs used the Crusades to leave their lands and many found new opportunities – The Turkish capture of Constantinople was delayed (1453) – The Muslims, though victorious, had themselves been weakened, and fell more easily when the Mongols attacked – Trade and exploration were enhanced Results of the Crusades • Italian traders benefited from supplying the Crusades, but they also saw an opportunity to expand markets by establishing direct trade with the Muslims • This lucrative trade provided great profit to the Italian citystates and ultimately provided the economic basis for the commercial revolution and the Italian Renaissance Lorenzo de Medici was part of a family that ruled Florence and served as bankers for the Crusades and patrons of the Renaissance Cultural Diffusion • European Christians became exposed to new ideas as they traveled throughout the Mediterranean basin – The works of Aristotle and Greeks – Islamic science and astronomy – “Arabic” numerals which the Moslems had borrowed from India – Techniques for paper production which the Muslims had learned from China • While the Crusades may have largely failed as military adventures, they helped encourage the reintegration of western Europe into the larger economy of the world The Reconquista of Spain • The Christians had better success wresting Sicily and Spain from the Moslems in actions separate from the Crusades The Reconquista of Spain • By 1150 Christians had recaptured Lisbon and controlled over half the peninsula • In 1492, Christian forces conquered Granada and the Reconquista was complete Immediate Impact of the Reconquista • After the Reconquista, the devoutly Christian rulers of Spain and Portugal were eager to dominate the Islamic states in North Africa and to convert nonChristians • The desire to spread Christianity would be one of the motives for the European explorations – Another Crusade? Columbus? 1492 was the year of both the completion of the Reconquista and Columbus’ voyage to the New World