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PBS: What Darwin Never Knew Name: ______________________________ Biology Date: Period: 1. Darwin was offered a position on the ___________________________ whose mission was to survey the waters around South America. 2. Where did Darwin make his first important discovery? ______________________ What did he find there? ____________ of extinct mammals. 3. The ______________________________ are home to animals found no-where else on earth. (Where Darwin made his most important discoveries.) 4. The _______________ of the giant tortoises differed depending upon which island they lived. 5. The Galapagos ____________ differed in the type of beak, depending on the island. 6. Darwin realized, for some reason, that species _______________. 7. Darwin studied dog breeders and how specific traits were selected. Darwin then wondered if ______________ selection could be going on in life. 8. The pattern in nature that Darwin saw was that the creatures that survived were those best adapted to the specific ___________________________ in which they lived. 9. The Galapagos finches have different beaks because the finches used their beaks as ______. 10. Darwin realized that ________________ was the start of change in nature. 11. Over many generations, tiny variations allow the fit to get fitter and the unfit to vanish. This is evolution by ________________________________. 12. In 1859 Darwin published _______________________________________. 13. Many genes get translated into _____________. 14. DNA has one other vital quality. It doesn’t stay the _____________. 15. Without ___________________, everything would stay the same, generation after generation. We can now find the genes that are responsible for evolutionary change. 16. Humans have _______________ genes. The same numbers as a chicken and less that an ear of corn. Many of our key genes are similar to those other animals. 17. How do you get all these differences if you have the same number of genes? The first clues are from the study of _____________. They are the platform of diversity and all use the same basic genes. 18. ________ percent of DNA doesn’t code for proteins. 19. A piece of DNA called a _____________ is not a gene, but it turns “on” or “off” genes. 20. What is special about the body plan gene? It throws _______________ and tells the “stuff genes” what to do and when. This is how all forms of life are related, but evolved to become completely different. 21. The bones of the human inner ear have developed from fish ____________. 1 22. Fossils show that creatures with legs appeared __________ million years ago. Before that, they were only fish. 23. Dinosaurs share a common ancestor with __________________. ________________ share a common ancestor of all four-legged forms. 24. The Archaeopteryx fossil had features of both birds and _____________. 25. Tiktaalik is a perfect transitional form: the body of a fish with scales, but also the ___________ structure is seen in every four-legged forms. 26. The body plan genes called _________________ genes are found in all complex animals from 600 million year worms to humans. 27. The genes needed for arms and legs were in pre-historic fish. All they needed was a few ________________ to change the order of what genes are turned on and off. 28. There is a _______ percentage difference in the DNA of humans and chimps. 29. The two signature organs of humankind are the ___________ and the ___________. 30. A mutation in the human ________ muscle allows the skull to keep expanding into adulthood, creating a bigger space for the ______________. 31. There are ________ different mutations responsible for microcephaly. 32. A study of human and chimp DNA sequences show that the differences weren’t in the actual genes, but in the ______________ that direct the genes. More than half of these switches are near a gene that involves the __________. That gene was different in 2 letters between the chimp and the chicken, but different in _______ letters when compared to humans. 33. DNA works in many different ways --- through genes that make the stuff of our bodies, through _______________ that turn those genes on and off, and through sequences of the DNA that throw those switches. This shows how small differences in ______ can generate enormous change. 2 Chapter 16 Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Name: Biology Date: Period: 16.1 Darwin’s Voyage of Discovery Term Definition The process by which modern organisms have changed over long periods of time from their common ancestors A preserved remain or trace of a once-living organism Use the drawings of the tortoises to answer the following questions. Isabela Island tortoise Hood Island tortoise 1. The tortoises eat plants. On one island, plants grow very close to the ground. Which island is this most likely to be? Circle the correct answer. Isabela Island Hood Island 2. Explain your answer to question 1. Why did you choose the island that you did? 3. Galápagos tortoises are certainly not the only organisms that show variations. Describe variations you have observed among another group of organisms, like plants, butterflies, birds, or fish. 4. On the map, place the labels Rheas (S. America), Emus (Australia), and Ostriches (Africa) on the continents where they are found. Why were the similarities among rheas, ostriches, and emus surprising to Darwin? 3 5. Why might Darwin come to think that the finches of the Galápagos Islands might be related to the finches of South America, despite how different the birds were in appearance? 6. Darwin observed that the birds he would eventually discover were finches had differently shaped beaks. What might this suggest about the eating habits of the birds? Explain. 7. What did the similarities between fossil animals and modern animals suggest to Darwin? 8. Complete the graphic organizer by listing three ways that species vary. For each pattern of biodiversity, list an example. Species vary an example of which is an example of which is an example of which is 16.2 Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking Lamarck’s Evolutionary Hypotheses 1. How did Lamarck propose that species change over time? Use the diagram to answer the following questions. 2. According to Lamarck’s hypothesis, what occurs between steps 2 and 3 in the diagram above to make the crab’s claw grow larger? 3. Which step in the diagram shows the inheritance of acquired traits as proposed by Lamarck? 4 4. How would Lamarck have explained the length of a giraffe’s neck? Population Growth - For the following questions, write the letter of the correct answer on the line at the left. ______5. Which observation caused Thomas Malthus to form his theory about population growth? a. Human birth rate was higher than the death rate. b. War caused the death of thousands of people. c. Famines were common in England in the 1800s. d. The offspring of most species survived into adulthood. ______6. Which of the following is an idea attributed to Malthus? a. As a population decreases in size, warfare and famine become more common. b. As a population increases in size, the percentage of offspring that survive also increases. c. If the human population grew unchecked, its rate of evolution would increase geometrically. d. If the human population grew unchecked, there wouldn’t be enough living space and food for everyone. ______7. Malthus’s ideas led Darwin to conclude that a. Earth is much older than previously thought. b. the size of the human population can grow indefinitely. c. many more organisms are born than will survive and reproduce. d. organisms are able to evolve through a process known as artificial selection. Artificial Selection 8. How do humans affect artificial selection? What role does nature play? 9. What is another name for artificial selection? 10. Describe how you could use artificial selection to breed pigeons with large beaks. 16.3 Common Descent Darwin argued that all species are descended, with modification, from common ancestors. Through descent with modification, all organisms (living/extinct) are linked on a single tree of life. Term Definition An inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive How well an organism can survive and reproduce in an environment The process by which organisms that are most suited to their environment survive and reproduce 5 Evolution by Natural Selection 1. What does the phrase struggle for existence mean? 2. Why is camouflage considered an adaptation? 3. How does an animal’s level of fitness relate to its chances of survival and reproduction? Evolution by Natural Selection - An adaptation is an inherited characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment. Over time, adaptations become more and more common in the population. For example, suppose that the water in a pond gets darker over a period of four years. The diagrams and table below show what might happen to a frog population living in the pond. Use the diagrams below to complete the table. Year 1 Year 4 Year 2 Year 3 Adaptations of Frog Populations Over Time Year Light-Colored Frogs 1 6 Dark-Colored Frogs 2 3 4 4. In which year was the number of light-colored frogs greater than the number of dark-colored frogs? 5. How did the numbers of light- and dark-colored frogs change over time? 6. Which adaptation is best suited to life in the pond in Year 3? Circle one light coloring dark coloring 7. How do the dark-colored frogs show “survival of the fittest”? 8. How is natural selection different from artificial selection? 6 For the following questions, write True if the statement is true. If the statement is false, change the underlined word or words to make the statement true. 9. _______________ Natural selection acts on acquired traits. 10. _______________ Any inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival is considered an adaptation. 11. _______________ Natural selection is the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment. Below is a partially completed flowchart that models how natural selection drives evolution. The missing steps are listed below, out of order. Write the missing step in a blank box in the flowchart. Adaptations are passed on to the next generation. The accumulation of adaptations may lead to the evolution of a new species. These offspring have few or no offspring of their own. Some offspring inherit traits that increase fitness (adaptations). Individuals in a population have many variations. Some offspring inherit traits that decrease fitness. Over time, adaptations accumulate in a population. For the following questions, complete each statement by writing the correct word. 12. Natural selection depends on the ability of organisms to , which means to leave descendants. 13. Every organism alive today from ancestors who survived and reproduced. 14. Over many generations, adaptation could cause successful species to into new species. 15. Common descent suggests that all species, living and extinct, are . 16. The principle that living species descend, with changes, from other species over time is referred to as descent with 17. The of time. . record provides physical evidence of descent with modification over long periods 7 16.4 Evidence of Evolution The chart below shows key terms from the lesson with their definitions. Complete the chart by writing a strategy to help you remember the meaning of each term. One has been done for you. Term Definition Body parts that share the same function but not the same structure The study of where organisms now live and where their ancestors lived in the past Structures that are shared by organisms and that have been inherited from a common ancestor Homologous structures that have little or no useful function in an organism Concept Map A concept map can help you organize information and show how ideas are connected. Fill in the concept map below using the bank below. Fossils Where organisms live now, How organisms have Genetics where their ancestors lived changed over time Tests of natural selection Embryology Homologous structures is the study of Biogeography show Evidence of Evolution includes Comparing anatomy Includes looking at like and The Grants’ Study of Galápagos finches 8 The Age of Earth and Fossils In the fossil record, an intermediate form is a fossil that shows some characteristics of an earlier related organism and some characteristics of a later related organism. The diagrams below show organisms whose fossils make up part of the fossil record. The organisms are in order from oldest (organism 1) to most recent (organism 6). Use the diagrams to answer the questions. 1. 2. Draw an animal that might have been an intermediate form between organism 1 and organism 3. Draw an animal that might have been an intermediate form between organism 4 and organism 6. Organism 1 (oldest) Organism 2 Organism 3 Organism 4 Organism 5 Organism 6 (most recent) 3. Describe one change you see between organism 1 and organism 3. 4. Describe a situation in which organism 4 might have had an advantage over organism 3? 5. How might these fossils provide evidence for evolution? Complete the table about types of anatomical structures. Types of Anatomical Structures Structure Type Description Structures that are shared by related species and that have been inherited from a common ancestor Example Body parts that share common function, but not structure Body parts in animals that are so reduced in size that they are just vestiges, or traces, of homologous structures in other species Match the structure with the correct type. A structure type may be used more than once. Anatomical Structure Structure Type _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. bat wing and mouse arm reptile foot and bird foot dolphin fin and fish tail eyes on a blind cave fish snake tongue and dog nose A. homologous structure B. analogous structure C. vestigial structure 9 Use the illustrated homologous structures to answer the following questions. 11. How are the forelimbs similar? 12. How are the forelimbs different? 13. How are homologous structures such as forelimbs evidence for common descent? 14. How does the pattern of embryological development provide further evidence that organisms have descended from a common ancestor? Comparing Anatomy and Embryology/Genetics and Molecular Biology Darwin’s basic ideas about evolution have been supported by scientific evidence. The chart below lists some of the evidence of evolution. Use the word bank and what you know about the evidence supporting evolution to complete the chart. biogeography genetics embryological homologous structures fossil record development Type of Evidence What It Reveals Different species have similar structures which have been inherited from a common ancestor. Animals with backbones have a common ancestor, as shown by how these organisms develop before they are born. Intermediate forms show that organisms have changed over time. Species have adapted over time to local conditions. Almost all organisms share a common genetic code. 10 15. What is the difference between a homologous structure and an analogous structure? Finch Beak Tools An analogy takes two things that seem to be different and shows how they can be similar. 16. How does comparing the finches’ beaks to tools help you understand how different beak shapes can help or harm a finch? Biogeography, Genetics and Molecular Biology – use the word bank below to fill in the answers. ancestors different DNA genetics homologous protein 17. Biogeographers study where organisms live now and where they and their RNA similar structure lived in the past. 18. When individuals from a mainland bird population immigrate to various islands, natural selection may result in closely related, but , island species. 19. Distantly related organisms may be similar if they live in 20. The science of 21. All living cells use provides molecular evidence that supports evolutionary theory. and to code heritable information. 22. The universal genetic code is used by almost all organisms to direct 23. Proteins that are environments. synthesis. share extensive structural and chemical similarities. 24. Relatively minor changes in an organism’s genome can produce major changes in an organism’s 11 Chapter Vocabulary Review - Match the term with its definition. Term Definition ____ 25. evolution A. Change over time ____ 26. fossil B. Inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival ____ 27. fitness C. Preserved remains of an ancient organism ____ 28. adaptation D. The process by which organisms with variations most suited to their environment survive and leave more offspring than others ____ 29. natural selection E. The eyes of a blind cavefish. ____ 30. homologous structures F. Structures that develop from the same embryonic tissues but have different mature forms ____ 31. vestigial structures G. Ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in a specific environment 32. Does the illustration below show analogous or homologous structures? Explain. 33. Who developed the theory of evolution that includes natural section? 34. What is NOT part of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution? a. Acquired characteristics b. Common descent c. Natural selection d. Variations and adaptations 35. What would be a favorable trait for a rabbit trying to avoid predators in a snowy climate? a. White fur b. Brown fur c. Long ears d. Short ears 36. Which of the following statements is true? a. All living cells have different genetic codes. b. All living cells have a common genetic code. c. All living organisms have different ancestors. d. All living organisms have acquired traits that are passed on. 37. Both bats and mosquitos have wings. This is an example of a(n) a. Analogous structure. c. Vestigial structure. b. Homologous structure. d. None of the above. 12 38. Darwin’s theory of evolution is supported by a. DNA evidence. b. Fossil evidence. c. Embryology. d. All of the above. 39. Use the Venn Diagrams to compare artificial Selection and natural Selection: Artificial Selection Natural Selection 40. Complete the concept map. Evidence for Evolution includes 13 14