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MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FOREST NATIONAL REDD+ SECRETARIAT SNNP Regional REDD+ Coordination Unit Zonal Level REDD+ Awareness Creation Workshop SNNP Regional State, Hawassa August 17/2015 Contact us @ [email protected] Overview of Regional Awareness Creation Workshop Purpose of the Zonal Workshop Raising stakeholder awareness on REDD+ Basics, Status of REDD+ Readiness Process in Ethiopia and Regional Piloting activity plan Expected Outcomes Workshop participants will be fully aware of the rationale, principles and mechanisms of REDD+, the status of REDD+ Readiness in Ethiopia & planned regional Piloting [email protected] Climate change & the Role of Forests to Climate Change What are the signs that climate change is occurring? What causes climate change? What is the role of forests in climate change? REDD+ Brief history of REDD+ [email protected] What is Climate Change? What are the signs of Climate Change? [email protected] What is Climate Change? • Climate Change = significant change in measures of climate (such as temperature or precipitation) lasting for an extended period of time (typically decades) • United Nations Forum Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) defines Climate Change as ‘a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere’ [email protected] Climate Change is happening Four major independent datasets show: 2013 was among the warmest years on record (2nd to 6th) Climate Change is happening Global and national temperature anomaly Series1 Global Series2 National year 1.5 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 temprature anomaly 1 1999 1989 1979 1969 1959 1949 1939 1929 1919 1909 1899 1889 1879 1869 1859 Climate Change is happening Greenhouse gases continued to climb: Atmospheric CO2 concentration hit a global average of 395.3 ppm for the year 2013 Climate Change happening Changes in precipitationispatterns Less rain http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/precipitation_changes_trends_over_land_from_1900_to_2000 [email protected] More rain Rising sea levels + 3.1 mm per year • Sea levels are rising due to thermal expansion and melting glaciers and ice caps • Average global sea levels have risen 17 cm during 20th century and may rise 28-58 cm by 2100 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/trends-in-sea-level-1870-2006 Global mean sea level rise from 1870 - 2006 [email protected] More extreme weather events Severe droughts and heat waves Stronger storms Heavy rains [email protected] Examples of potential impacts Forest fire incidence 2008 There are reports that fire has affected more than 200,000 ha every year in recent decades. Decreasing snow cover and melting glaciers Kilimanjaro 1993 Decreasing snow cover Kilimanjaro 2000 http://www.mounteverest.net/news.php?id=1361 [email protected] Warming of poles and loss of sea ice Collapse of Wilkins Ice Shelf, Antarctica [email protected] What causes climate change and where are greenhouse gas emissions occurring? [email protected] What human activities generate GHGs? Greenhouse Gas Industrial Sources Carbon dioxide (CO2) fossil fuel combustion and cement manufacturing Deforestation and burning of forests Methane (CH4) Landfills, coal mining, natural gas production Conversion of wetlands Rice paddies Livestock production Nitrous oxide (N2O) Fossil fuel combustion Nitric acid production Fertilizer use Burning of biomass Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Industrial processes Manufacturing --- Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Industrial processes Manufacturing --- Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) ---- Electrical transmission and distribution systems Land Use Sources Which sectors produce greenhouse gases? [email protected] Which Sectors Produce Greenhouse Gasses in Ethiopia? [email protected] Where are greenhouse gases being emitted? Low emissions High emissions [email protected] Sources of emissions The sources of emissions differ across developing versus developed countries Greatest source of GHG = fossil fuels Land use change (deforestation) is a major source (second only to fossil fuels) [email protected] Forests in the global carbon cycle [email protected] Forests Store and Emit Carbon Deforestation & degradation of forests emit 5.87 gigatons of carbon dioxide equivalent Forests & other terrestrial systems - absorb 9.53 gigatons of carbon dioxide equivalent [email protected] Extent of forests globally 30% of earth’s land surface is forest (4 billion hectares) Forest area by biome Area forest cover Tropical Temperate Boreal [email protected] 16~17 M km2 9~10 M km2 15~16 M km2 Forest carbon globally 45% of terrestrial carbon is stored in earth’s forests Carbon stock by biome % terrestrial C Tropical ~25% Temperate ~10% Boreal ~5% • Forests absorb 2.6 gigatons C (9.5 gT CO2) per year • Emissions from tropical deforestation 1.5 gigatons C per year [email protected] Climate change mitigation through forestry [email protected] Options for mitigating climate change Increasing carbon sinks Avoiding reducing sinks Ecosystem service: carbon sequestration Mitigation Activities Reducing emissions from productive activities Bioenergy and biofuels [email protected] Ecosystem service: emissions reduction Quiz Carbon stock Match each carbon stock graph with its description to the right. Carbon stock 1 4 Years Carbon stock Non-forested land Years Carbon stock 2 5 Years Carbon stock Years Forest conversion to non-forested land use Unsustainably managed forest Plantation established on non-forested land and harvested regularly Carbon stock Forest converted to a Plantation 3 Years 6 Years Conserved primary forest Comparing scenarios For climate change mitigation, which is the best alternative? • A degraded pasture (A) • A forest plantation that is destroyed or burned regularly (B) Carbon A Carbon Years B Years Answer: B Additional stored carbon in alternative B compared to A = carbon that does not contribute to climate change (even if it is temporary) Carbon Mean of B Mean of A Years Undisturbed forests • An undisturbed forest: – – A large stock But not a large sink Carbon • +/- equilibrium (climax) • Even if an undisturbed forest does not absorb GhG from the atmosphere, it is better to conserve it than to convert it to other uses Years Comparing scenarios For climate change mitigation, which is the better alternative? • Conserving an undisturbed forest (A) • Converting this forest to forest plantation (B)? Carbon Carbon A Years B Years Answer: A Carbon emitted into the atmosphere under scenario B compared with A = Carbon that Carbon contributes to climate change Years A brief history of REDD [email protected] A brief history of REDD • Early 1990s: Deforestation 1/5 of GHG emissions • 2001 - COP7: Avoided deforestation was too difficult to include in CDM (+ no additionality). Only A/R • 2005 – COP 11: 2 year consultation period for RED • 2006: Stern report says REDD is big & cheap (& easy?) • 2007 – COP 13: RED(D) included in Bali Action Plan • 2007: Norway’s Climate-Forest initiative, NOK 15 billions • 2008+: FCPF (World Bank), UNREDD, other initiatives 34 What is REDD+ all about? REDD+: Policy approaches & incentive mechanism REDD+ implementation requires enabling Policy framework Legal & regulatory framework Institutional arrangements Full & Effective stakeholder Consultation & participation Technical capacity Investment (Finance) The Core Idea of REDD+ [email protected] Phased approach for REDD+ Meridian (2009) & COP16 (UNFCCC 2010) Phase 1 – the readiness phase focuses on the • development of national strategies or action plans, policies and measures, capacity building and demonstration activities. Phase 2 – Implementation phase focuses on • National policy reforms; intervention measures, as well as on demonstration activities that use results based payment mechanisms. Phased approaches for REDD+ • Phase 3 – transitioning into Phase 3 will involve moving to more direct results-based actions, i.e. emissions and removals that should be fully measured, reported and verified, with payments based on these results. What is causing climate change? The natural greenhouse effect Some energy is reflected back into space Solar energy from the sun passes through the atmosphere Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) trap some of the heat, warming the earth GHGs Earth’s surface is heated by the sun and radiates out heat back towards space The enhanced greenhouse effect Less infrared radiation (heat) escapes to space Higher levels of GHGs trap more heat in atmosphere, leading to temperature increases GHG GHG GHGs GHGs GHG