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Module 11
Chapter 17 Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses of the Host
The Immune System
 Innate immunity: defenses against any pathogen
o Reacts ___________________ every time
 Adaptive immunity: induced and adapts to a _____________ microbe or foreign substance
o Has _______________ component, major difference from innate immunity
Dual nature of the adaptive immune system
 Two components to adaptive immunity:
 Humoral immunity: immunity mediated by ________________
o Aka __________________-mediated immunity
o Control of ________________________ pathogens
o Via _____________ cells
 Cellular immunity: immunity mediated by ______________
o Aka ____________-mediated immunity
o Control of _____________________ pathogens
o Via _____________ cells
 T cells and B cells develop from ________ cells in _______________________________
Humoral Immunity
Antigens and antibodies
 Antigen (__________): a substance that stimulates the ________________________________
o Often _________________ structures of pathogens
o Or pollen, egg white, cells & tissues
 Antigens in body are recognized by ___________________
The nature of antibodies
 Antibodies are aka “_________________________” (Ig)
 Antibodies are made in response to an ________________
o ______________ and ____________ to a ________________antigen
 Antibodies are “Y-shaped” proteins
Antibody structure
 Two arms of “Y” are called “____________ (___) regions”
o _____________________ binding sites
 Stem of “Y” is the “____________ (___) region”
o Constant region is the _________________ for a particular Ig class
 __________________ of antibodies varies on ____________ of Ig molecule
 __________ Ig classes
Immunoglobulin classes
 IgG
o Monomer
o Most _____________, 80%
o Roams ________________, blood and __________
o Protect against _____________ and viruses, toxins, enhance __________________
o Protects _____________ and ______________
o _____________-lived


IgM
o
o
o
o



Half-life = _____________ days
Pentamer
Stays in __________________ (too large)
___________ antibody produced in response to _____________, short-lived
 Used in _______________ pathogen in ___________ stages of infection
 Half-life = ________ days
Effective in __________________________ antigens, enhances _______________ against
_______________________
IgA
o
o
o
o
10 – 15%
Most common in ____________ membranes and body _____________
Prevent ________________ of microbial pathogens to _______________________ surfaces
__________-lived
 Half-life = _______ days
o
o
o
o
0.2%
In blood, in lymph, and on _______ cells
On B cells, initiate ______ response
Half-life = ______ days
IgD
IgE
o
o
o
0.002%
Bind to ____________ cells, _____________
Involved in ________________ reactions
 Simulates ________________ release
o Attracts ___________________ cells, causes ___________________
o Bind to __________________________________ - recruit ____________________
o Half-life = ______ days
B cells and humoral immunity
 Protection mediated by __________________
 Produced by activating lymphocytes, ________ cells
 Activation of ______________ cells starts with exposure to “______” or ”________________”
antigens
Activation of B Cells
 Naïve B cells carry ___________________________ (BCR) on cell surface
o “____________ bound to cell membrane”
o 100,000+ BCRs, all bind to same ____________
o Each B cell (antibody) binds to ______________ antigen
 ___________ of antigen ____________________________ B cell
o _______________________ B cell undergoes ____________________
o Clones are _____________ to each other  carry ___________ BCR as ____________ B cell
o Most clones become __________ cells  ____________ producers
o Some clones become ______________ cells  _____-lived, provide ___________
 Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC) expressed on mammalian cells
 T-dependent antigens
o Ag presented with __________ to ________ cell
o ________ produces _______________ that activate B cell

T-independent antigens
o Stimulate the ___________ to make ___________ without the help of ________ cell
 B cells are capable of creating virtually an ____________ number of __________ antibodies
o Provides protection against ___________________
 Any B cell that reacts against “_____________” (own body) is ________________
Antigen-antibody Binding
 Antigen-antibody binding results in a number of responses
 Agglutination
o _____________ number of particles to _______________
o Enhances ________________
 Opsonization
o ____________________ of phagocytosis
 Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
o ______________ by cells that remain ______________ to target cell
 Neutralization
o Inactivation of viruses, toxins by blocking _________________
 Activation of complement
o Causes ___________________, cell _____________
Cellular immunity
 ________________ antigens (viruses, some bacteria) are not exposed to antibodies
o Evade _________________________ defense mechanisms
 T cells help combat _____________________ pathogens
o Also recognize “_______________” cells – cancer, foreign cells
 T cells specific to unique antigens via “______________________” (TCR)
 Found in _______________ tissue, most likely to encounter antigens
 T cells recognize antigens processed by “_________________________________________” (APC)
o Include __________________, _________________ cells
 APC phagocytize antigen, process it, put it on surface via ________ molecule
o “Present” antigen ____________________ to T cells
 Binding of ______________ to antigen fragment __________________ T cells
o Leads to ___________________________  most become ___________________, some
become _________________________
 Response depends on __________________________ activated
T Helper Cells
 ________ or TH cells
 Activated TH cells produce many kinds of ________________ – chemical signals that ___________
with other cells
 ________ ingests antigen, processes antigen
 APC ______________ antigen on surface of cell
 ___________________ of TCR activates T cell
 Activated TH ___________________ adaptive immune response
 Release cytokines that ____________ and ________________ immune cells
o TH1 produce IFN-, which activates cells related to cell-mediated immunity, macrophages,
and Abs
o TH2 activate eosinophils and B cells to produce IgE
o TH17 stimulate the innate immune system
o TF stimulate B cells to produce plasma cells and are involved in class switching
T Cytotoxic Cells
 __________ or TC cells
 Target cells are ___________ (___________ cells) carrying processed ______________ antigens
 Activated into cytotoxic T lymphocytes (_________)
 ________ can be activated by ________, ___________ infected cell, _________ cell
 Activated ____ becomes _______________________< CTL
 CTL recognizes and kills ____________ target cells
 Kill by inducing _______________________  programmed cell death
 Cell ____________, _____________
 Remains digested by ________________________
Extracellular Killing
 _________________ attack large parasites
o Too ____________ to phagocytize
o ____________ around parasites
 _______ cells can attack any “__________________” cell
o ______________ cells, _______________ infected cells
o Non-___________________
 Kill like __________, induce ________________
Cytokines: Chemical Messengers
 Immune cells ___________________ with each other via __________________
o Interleukins: serve as communicators between ____________
o Chemokines: induce _______________ of leukocytes
o Interferons: protect against ________________
o TNF-a: important in inflammation, toxic to ______________ cells
 Overproduction leads to _________________________
Immunological memory
 Antibody titer –______________ of ___________________ in serum
o Indicator of _________________ of _____________ response
 Two responses:
o ________________ response
 _________, relatively ____________
o _______________ response
 ____________, ___________
 Due to _______________ cells
 Response is similar for T cells


Primary Response
o No antibodies for ___________ days
o ________ rise in antibody titer
o Peaks in about __________ days
Secondary response aka “_______________”
o Reaches peak in _________ days
o Lasts _________________
o
_____________ in magnitude
Types of Adaptive Immunity
 Naturally acquired active immunity
o Resulting from __________________
 Naturally acquired passive immunity
o ___________________ or via colostrum
 Artificially acquired active immunity
o Injection of ___________________
 Artificially acquired passive immunity
o Injection of ____________