* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Cellular_Respiration2011
Survey
Document related concepts
Phosphorylation wikipedia , lookup
Basal metabolic rate wikipedia , lookup
Mitochondrion wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Electron transport chain wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthetic reaction centre wikipedia , lookup
Microbial metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Light-dependent reactions wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Citric acid cycle wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Adenosine triphosphate wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
The Wonderful World of Biology presents: Cellular Respiration What is Cellular Respiration? The process of converting food (chemical) energy into ATP energy C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP Why are both Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration important to Ecosystems? Light is the ultimate source of energy for all ecosystems Chemicals cycle and Energy flows Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary reactions Why do plants need both chloroplasts and mitochondria? Chloroplasts use energy from the sun to make glucose Mitochondria convert glucose to ATP—the energy currency of the cell What is ATP? Adenosine triphosphate – 5-Carbon sugar (Ribose) – Nitrogenous base (Adenine) – 3 Phosphate groups Energy currency of the cell The chemical bonds that link the phosphate groups together are high energy bonds When a phosphate group is removed to form ADP and P, small packets of energy are released How is ATP used? As ATP is broken down, it gives off usable energy to power chemical work and gives off some nonusable energy as heat. Synthesizing molecules for growth and reproduction Transport work – active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis Mechanical work – muscle contraction, cilia and flagella movement, organelle movement Why use ATP energy and not energy from glucose? Breaking down glucose yields too much energy for cellular reactions and most of the energy would be wasted as heat. 1 Glucose = 686 kcal 1 ATP = 7.3 kcal 1 Glucose → 36 ATP How efficient are cells at converting glucose into ATP? – 38% of the energy from glucose yields ATP, therefore 62% wasted as heat. Cellular Respiration is a Redox Reaction (Oxidation) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O (Reduction) Oxidation is the loss of electrons or H+ Reduction is the gain of electrons or H+ Glucose is oxidized when electrons and H+ are passed to coenzymes NAD+ and FAD before reducing or passing them to oxygen. Glucose is oxidized by a series of smaller steps so that smaller packets of energy are released to make ATP, rather than one large explosion of energy. Cell Respiration can be divided into 4 Parts: 1) 2) 3) 4) Glycolysis Oxidation of Pyruvate / Transition Reaction The Krebs Cycle The Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmotic Phosphorylation Where do the 4 parts of Cellular Respiration take place? Glycolysis: – Cytoplasm Oxidation of Pyruvate: – Matrix (mitochondria) The Krebs Cycled: – Matrix (mitochondria) Electron Transport Chain and Cheimiosmotic Phosphorylation: – Cristae (folds of mitochondria) Parts of the Mitochondria 2 “types” of respiration: Anaerobic respiration=fermentation – Simple & yields energy quickly – No O2 required – Occurs in cytoplasm – Net production of 2 ATP/molecule glucose Anaerobic fermentation Alcoholic fermentation – Bacteria & yeast – Produces ethanol and carbon dioxide Lactic acid fermentation – In animals – Produces lactic acid Aerobic Respiration Begins the same as anaerobic – Glycolysis in the cytoplasm – O2 not required for this stage Added steps—require Oxygen – Moves to the mitochondria Kreb’s Cycle Electron Transport Chain – Net production of 36 ATP Anaerobic Respiration (no oxygen required, cytoplasm) 1. Glycolysis (substrate level) Glucose 2 ATP 4 ATP (Net 2 ATP) 2 NADH 2 Pyruvate Aerobic Respiration (oxygen required, mitochondria) 2. Oxidation of Pyruvate 2 Pyruvate 2 CO2 2 NADH 2 Acetyl CoA 3. Krebs Cycle (substrate level) 2 Acetyl CoA 4 CO2 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH2 4. Electron Transport Chain (chemiosmotic) 10 NADH 2 FADH2 6 O2 32 ATP 6 H 2O Total: 36 ATP produced All Types of Molecules can be used to form ATP by Cell Respiration: Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids must first be broken down into their monomers and absorbed in the small intestine. Monomers may be further broken down into intermediate molecules before entering different parts of Cell respiration to ultimately form ATP.