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Introduction to String Theory Chapter 9 ETH Zurich, HS11 9 Prof. N. Beisert String Backgrounds Have seen that string spectrum contains graviton. Graviton interacts according to laws of General Relativity. General Relativity is a theory of spacetime geometry. Strings can move in curved backgrounds. How are strings and gravity related? • • • Should we quantise the string background? Is the string graviton the same as the Einstein graviton? Is there a backreaction between strings and gravity? 9.1 Graviton Vertex Operator Compare graviton as string excitation and background. Assume momentum polarisation q and µν . Vertex Operator Construction. Graviton represented by closed string state L,µ R,ν L,ν R,µ |; qi = µν α−1 α−1 + α−1 α−1 |0; qi. Corresponding vertex operator reads ¯ ν + ∂X ν ∂X ¯ µ )eiq·X : Oµν = :(∂X µ ∂X p ∼ : det −g g αβ ∂α X µ ∂β X ν eiq·X :. Insertion into string worldsheet Z V = d2 ξ 12 µν Oµν . Background Metric Construction. Flat background with plane wave perturbation Gµν (x) = ηµν + µν eiq·x + . . . . Strings couple to background by replacement 1 S=− 2πκ2 Same replacement Z ηµν → Gµν d2 ξ p ηµν → Gµν − det g g αβ 12 Gµν (X) ∂α X µ ∂β X ν . in NambuGoto action. Perturbation of metric same as vertex operator S = S0 − 1 V + ... 2πκ2 9.1 Conclusion. Graviton mode of string is the same as wave on background. Quantum string on at space contains gravitons. Gravitons introduce curvature and deform at background. String theory contains quantum gravity. Large deformations away from at background represented by coherent states of gravitons. String theory can be formulated on any background. String quantisation probes nearby backgrounds. Low-energy physics depends on classical background. Full quantum string theory is background independent, contains all backgrounds as dierent states (same as QG). 9.2 Curved Backgrounds Consider strings on a curved background Gµν (x), curious insight awaits. Action in conformal gauge For generic metric Z 1 d2 ξ 12 Gµν (X) η αβ ∂α X µ ∂β X ν . S=− 2 2πκ G, e.o.m. for X are non-linear. Type of model called non-linear sigma model. String background called target space. Metric eld (Taylor expansion Gµν (x) of G). is sigma model coupling. Innitely many couplings In most QFT's couplings are renormalised. Problem here: • • • • Classical action has conformal symmetry. Conformal symmetry indispensable to remove one d.o.f.. Renormalised coupling G(x, µ) depends on scale µ. New scale breaks quantum conformal invariance. Anomaly! Renormalisation. Compute the conformal anomaly. Background eld quantisation: • • add perturbations Expansion of action • • • • X0 of string e.o.m.. X = X0 + κY . Quantum eld Y . Pick (simple) classical solution S[X] = S[X0 ] + Y 2 + κY 3 + . . . Value of classical action S[X0 ] at Y 0 in orders of Y irrelevant. No linear term in Y due to e.o.m. for X0 . 2 Order Y is kinetic term for quantum eld Y . 3 4 Order Y , Y , . . . are cubic, quartic, . . . interactions + + + ... Use target space dieomorphisms s.t. locally Z S=− d2 ξ αβ η ηµν ∂α Y µ ∂β Y ν + 31 κ2 Rµρνσ ∂α Y µ ∂β Y ν Y ρ Y σ 2π 9.2 Rµρνσ (x) is target space curvature tensor. + Kinetic term and quartic vertex: + . . .. At one loop we get tadpole diagram. Insert two-point correlator κ2 Rµρνσ ∂α Y µ (ξ)∂β Y ν (ξ)hY ρ (ξ)Y σ (ξ)i but we know for ξ1 → ξ2 hY ρ (ξ1 )Y σ (ξ2 )i ' −η ρσ log |ξ1 − ξ2 |. Not exact, but UV behaviour xed by conformal symmetry. Logarithmic singularity responsible for renormalisation. Gµν µ∂G = βµν = κ2 Rµν , ∂µ Anomaly. is running coupling, beta function Rµν = Rρ µρν . Scale dependence breaks conformal symmetry: Trace of stress energy tensor after renormalisation η αβ Tαβ = − 1 βµν η αβ ∂α X µ ∂β X ν . 2 2κ Anomaly of Weyl symmetry! (gauge xed already) Conformal/Weyl symmetry is essential for correct d.o.f.. Remove by setting βµν = 0. Einstein equation! Rµν = 0. Quantum strings can propagate only on Einstein backgrounds. General relativity! 1 Spin-2 particles at level Higher Corrections. perturbative orders in are gravitons. There are corrections to the beta function from higher 2 κ κ2 + κ4 + + + ... βµν = κ2 Rµν + 21 κ4 Rµρσκ Rν ρσκ + . . . . Also corrections from the expansion in the string coupling Corrections to Einstein equations at Planck scale: 9.3 gs . βµν = 0. 9.3 Form Field and Dilaton What about the other (massless) elds? Two-form Bµν and dilaton scalar Φ? Two-form couples via antisymmetric combination 1 2πκ2 Z 2 dξ 1 B (X) εαβ ∂α X µ ∂β X ν 2 µν 1 = 2πκ2 Z B. In fact, canonical coupling of two-form to 2D worldsheet. Analogy to charged particle in electromagnetic eld. String has two-form charge. Dilaton couples to worldsheet Riemann scalar 1 4π Z d2 ξ p − det g Φ(X) R[g]. Interesting for several reasons: • • • • Euler characteristic χ of the worldsheet appears. Not Weyl invariant. Scalar can mix with gravity. Can get away from 26 dimensions. Low-Energy Eective Action. of renormalised stress energy tensor First discuss the various beta functions (trace T) 1 p G αβ B αβ − det g β η + β ε ∂α X µ ∂β X ν µν µν 2κ2 − 21 β Φ R[g] g αβ Tαβ = − with G βµν = κ2 Rµν + 2κ2 Dµ Dν Φ − 41 κ2 Hµρσ Hνρσ , B βµν = − 12 κ2 Dλ Hµνλ + κ2 Dλ ΦHµνλ , β Φ = − 21 κ2 D2 Φ + κ2 Dµ ΦDµ Φ − Quantum string consistency requires 1 2 κ Hµνρ H µνρ . 24 β G = β B = β Φ = 0. Standard equations for graviton, two-eld and scalar. Follow from an action Z S∼ d26 x p − det g e−2Φ R − 21 Hµνρ H µνρ + 4∂ µ Φ ∂µ Φ . String low-energy eective action. Encodes low-energy physics of string theory. Further corrections from curvature and loops. Trivial solution: G = η , B = 0, Φ = Φ0 (at background). Can also use torus compactication to reduce dimensions. 9.4 String Coupling. Φ = Φ0 is constant, then Z p d2 ξ − det g R[g] ∼ χ. Suppose topological Measures Euler characteristic Set iΦ0 gs = e χ = 2h − 2 . Then action yields χ dilaton coupling term is of world sheet. factors of gs . eiS ' eiΦ0 χ = gsχ . Expansion in worldsheet topology. gs−2 String coupling eld gs + gs0 + gs2 determined through background: Asymptotic value Φ0 of dilaton Φ. String Frame. Notice unusual factor of exp(−2Φ) in S. Scalar degrees of freedom can mix with metric. Could as well dene G0µν = f (Φ)Gµν . Remove exp(−2Φ) through suitable choice of f. Go from string frame to Einstein frame. Standard kinetic terms for all elds. Noncritical Strings. D We have seen earlier that D 6= 26 breaks Weyl symmetry. enters in eective action as worldsheet cosmological constant S = . . . R − 12 Hµνρ H µνρ + 4∂ µ Φ ∂µ Φ − 23 κ−2 (D − 26) . Can have D < 26, but requires Planck scale curvature. Dilaton Scaling. Dilaton coupling to worldsheet is not Weyl invariant and has unconventional power of • • κ. Consistent choice. Moves classical Weyl breakdown to one loop. Cancel quantum anomalies of other elds. 9.4 Open Strings Open strings lead to additional states, elds and couplings. • Additional string states; e.g. massless vectors (photon): µ |ζ; qi = ζµ α−1 |0; qi. 9.5 • Additional vertex operators; e.g. photon Z V [ζ, q] ∼ • dτ ζµ ∂τ X µ exp(iq · X) Additional elds to couple to string ends. Background couplings can be identied as for closed strings. Vertex operator has same eect as background eld. Coupling depends on string boundary conditions: Dp-brane. Neumann Boundaries. For all coordinates conditions: couple a one-form gauge eld Z A X a , a = 0, . . . , p, Z a dτ Ẋ Aa (X) = end • • with Neumann to end of string A. end natural coupling of a charged point-particle to gauge eld. string end is a charged point-like object. Gauge eld Aa exists only on Dp-brane. Okay since string ends constrained to Dp brane. Classical coupling of A respects Weyl symmetry. Quantum anomaly described by beta function βaA ∼ κ4 ∂ b Fab Absence of conformal anomaly requires Maxwell eective action 4 Z S ∼ −κ ∂ b Fab = 0. dp+1 x 14 Fab F ab . For planar Dp-brane can also include higher corrections in Z S∼ Associated low-energy κ. BornInfeld action: p dp+1 x − det(ηab + 2πκ2 Fab ). Leading order is Maxwell kinetic term. Corrections at higher orders in Dirichlet Boundaries. m = p + 1, . . . , D − 1, Coupling of Dirichlet directions X m, dierent. • X m xed, but X 0m can be used. • Dual eld Ym describes transverse • Dp-branes are dynamical objects! Dp-brane displacement. Beta function at leading order: massless scalar βa ∼ ∂ m ∂m Ya Eective action for higher orders: DiracBornInfeld action Z S∼ dp+1 x p − det(gab + 2πκ2 Fab ). 9.6 κ. Induced WS metric gab = ∂a Y µ ∂b Yµ . Embedding coordinates Y for Dp-brane. Combination of • • Dirac action for p-branes and BornInfeld action for gauge elds. D-Branes in a Curved Background. Z S∼ dp+1 x e−Φ Can even add eect of close string elds. p − det(gab + 2πκ2 Fab + Bab ). • gab is induced metric from curved background. • Bab is pull back of 2-form eld Bµν to Dp-brane. • combination 2πα0 Fab + Bab is gauge invariant. • dilaton couples as prefactor like for closed string. Coincident Branes. to For N coincident branes gauge group enlarges from U (1)N U (N ). Gauge eld should couple via Wilson line Z T exp A. end Resulting eective action at leading order is Z S∼ dp+1 x tr − 41 (Fab )2 + 12 (Da Ym )2 + 14 [Ym , Yn ]2 . YangMills, massless adjoint scalars, quartic interactions. 9.5 Two-Form Field of a String We have seen that strings couple to various elds. A string also generates a eld conguration. Analogy: charged point particle generates Coulomb potential. Fundamental String. 1-brane. Consider an innite straight string along 0, 1 directions: Generates a two-form potential B = (f −1 − 1)dx0 ∧ dx1 Interactions with metric G and dilaton Φ require ds2 = f −1 ds22 + ds2D−2 , The function f with r2 = x22 + . . . + x2D−1 f =1+ e2Φ = f −1 . reads gs2 N κD−4 . rD−4 This satises the low-energy eective string e.o.m. function. Note: Source at the location of the string (r 9.7 = 0). because f is a harmonic • E.o.m. follow from combination of spacetime action and worldsheet coupling to two-form Z Z H ∧ ∗H + B D Source term • δ D−2 (r) 2 absorbed by worldsheet. Charge of string measured by Gauss law via sphere at xed ∗H . Put (D − 3)-dimensional r. Z ∗H = N. Q= D−3 Above string has N units of charge (quantised). The fundamental string is not a D1-brane: Open strings do not end on it. It is the string itself. Solutions with more than one centre permissible. Magnetic Brane. (D − 5)-brane. Another solution of the string eective e.o.m. describes a It uses a dual (D − 4)-form potential H = dB, ∗H = dC. C dened through It carries magnetic charge Z H. Q= 3 The source is located on the C (D − 5)-brane(s). compensates source. 9.8 The coupling of (D − 5)-branes to