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Animal Behavior Animal Behavior: An Overview Ethology is the study of animal behavior Behavior is everything an animal does and how it does it Nature vs. Nurture In biology, it’s not an either/or scenario Both genes and environment affect animal behavior Innate vs. Learned Behaviors Innate behavior is developmentally fixed, regardless of the environment This is INSTINCT Examples: • Kangaroo rat jumping at the sound of a rattlesnake, even if it has never heard a snake before • Humans using their voices to communicate Innate Behavior – Fixed Action Patterns An FAP is a sequence of unlearned behavioral acts that is essentially unchangeable and, once started, is usually carried to completion Triggered by a sign stimulus Example: Aggressive behavior in male stickleback fish in response to the red underside of an intruder fish Yawning in humans Innate vs. Learned Behaviors Learned behavior is the modification of behavior based on experience Habituation: loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no information • “crying wolf” Associative learning is the ability of many animals to associate one feature of the environment with another • Classical Conditioning • an arbitrary stimulus is associated with a reward or punishment • Pavlov’s Experiment • Operant Conditioning • Using consequences to modify behavior • Mouse eating distateful caterpillar Altruism & Inclusive Fitness Most social behaviors are selfish Altruism = When an animal behaves in a way that reduces its individual fitness but increases the fitness of the other individuals in the population Example: squirrels, worker bees Helps close relatives (children, siblings, etc.), thereby increasing the individual’s genetic representation in the next generation – “inclusive fitness” Animal Signals & Communication A signal is a behavior that causes a change in another animal’s behavior Communication involves the transmission of, reception of, and response to signals between animals Chemical Communication: • Pheromones – particularly important in reproductive behavior Auditory Communication: • Drosophila males produce a characteristic “song” by beating their wings Kinesis vs. Taxis Kinesis An increase or decrease in movement in response to an environmental stimulus NONDIRECTIONAL Examples: • As the humidity increases, wood lice move less • Pillbugs live best in moist conditions; they move around more in dry areas and less in moist/humid areas • WHY??? • More movement increases likelihood they will encounter a moist area Taxis A movement towards or away from a stimulus DIRECTIONAL Examples: • Fish swimming against the current • Bacteria swimming towards light