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Transcript
ACP-2 Lesson Five Integumentary System Anatomy of a Cell Cells are the building blocks of life and are what makes us quintessentially what we are. Any living organism is made up of cells. Anything smaller than a cell, would not have the capacity of multiplying, of reproduction or metabolism and could not be considered alive. It is accurate then to say essentially cells are life itself. By contrast, if there is a breakdown of cells for any reason, whether that be by injury or genetic disorder, then disease occurs. Cell Parts When we break down a cell into its composite parts it these are called organelles. Imagine these a little like the organs inside of your body. Just as the liver, kidney and heart for instance, all have their own jobs to do in making the body work, each has its own specific function. Organelles are quite small and generally measure about a micrometer across which is 1/1000th of a millimeter. The function of organelles vary depending on which type of cell they belong to. A living cell is always in undulating motion as it absorbs and rejects substances and goes through its natural flow. Breakdowns in cells, whether it be through injury or through inherited genetic defects are what leads to disease. They are made up of 15% proteins, 3% lipids and carbohydrates and 1% nucleic acid, but 80% of each organelle is water. Plasma Membrane This is the outer wall of each cell. What’s important in regards to aromatherapy is its semi-permeable ability, meaning that substances can pass in and out of the cell. Think for instance how, when you are in the bath, your fingers become waterlogged and wrinkly. Inside of the cell are the organelles which are suspended in a jelly like substance called cytoplasm. Some of the names of the organelles you may recognize, others you may not. Other main components include: vacuoles, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and the cell nucleus. Vaccuoles Little storage units for each cell; vaccuoles hold fats and water. This helps to keep the cell healthy, but also serves to help eliminate waste as well. Mitochondria Think of this as the electrical generator of your cell. The mitochondria absorbs the nutrients from your food and converts it into energy to power the body’s internal processes. Lysosome Now if you were to look at the biology of a plant, you would not find this particular cell component as it is only found in animal cells. Its job is to break down proteins and lipids, but you will also find it in red blood cells. Your body uses lysosomes in your red blood cells to fight infection. Centrioles Centrioles are involved in helping the cell to divide and multiply. We will revisit this in the section about cell reproduction as it is if fundamental to mitosis. Nucleus This is where all the intelligence of the cell is held. It contains your DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) which is considered the brain of the cell and holds the blueprint of who you are, but it also houses its lesser known cousin RNA. RNA is a negative opposite of DNA and its job is to transmit messages to outside of the cell and translate these messages into proteins. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) It goes without saying that the component with the most difficult name would be the most important to the function of the cell, so there’s no skipping it here! Its job is to control synthesis and production of new cells. There are two types of ER, smooth and rough and between them they manufacture lipids and the membrane plasma required for the new cells to produce. Gogli Apparatus When these lipids and plasma reach the gogli apparatus imagine it a bit like your Createa-space book coming out of the Amazon warehouse. Here they are packaged and shipped out into the rest of the body. Every living organism needs to multiply therefore cells in the body must reproduce. Some tissues require cells to reproduce very quickly for instance the epithelial tissue in the skin. However, cells in nerve tissues rarely reproduce at all. The cell duplication and multiplication takes place through two separate asexual processes. These are called mitosis and meiosis. The process of mitosis is that of duplication and division. Within each cell there is, in total, 46 chromosomes. Through each of five stages, the chromosomes are cloned to make a new cell. These states are called Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telephase, then back to interphase again. Always in a cycle, round and round. This is a very speedy process. Mitosis usually takes place in a matter of minutes. The majority of the changes occur in the nucleus, because in the main the duplication affects the DNA. These strands of DNA are packaged in proteins which we call chromatin. Cell Reproduction As mentioned earlier, in some parts of the body it is necessary for the cells to reproduce very quickly. For instance, the thick skin you have on the soles of your feet, especially after walking over hot pavement in July with bare feet. It can form calluses where there is a great deal of pressure. On the lips, however it is so thin that the pinkness you see is the blood vessels in close proximity to the surface. DNA Human DNA is made up 46 chromosomes. These contain so much information that if the cell information were laid down in a linear fashion it would be impossible to fit it into a cell. Consequently the DNA is very tightly wound around spindles called histories. This is packed together in proteins called chromatins. Although this list begins at prophase, it helps to imagine this as a continuous loop happening over and over, so in fact begins and ends with interphase. Prophase In this stage a coil of chromatin thickens, shortens and coils tighter. The DNA splits into 2 chromatids each with a spindle called acentromere. Once split each daughter cell then has its own chromosomes. Metaphase A spindle forms to connect the centrioles of the daughter cells. The centromeres divide and each is connected to one chromatid. Each of the 46 chromosomes is drawn to its own pole as the daughter cells separate. Anaphase Anaphase ends as each daughter cell is drawn into its own pole. Each of the 46 chromosomes is drawn to its own pole as the daughter cells separate. Telephase The cell is drawn together. The centromeres disappear as a gel like substance called cytoplasm forms and the organelles settle into their places. Each of the 46 chromosomes is drawn to its own pole as the daughter cells separate. Interphase Here the cells rest until the time comes for them to multiply again. Meiosis To understand this, consider the origins of your 46 chromosomes. 23 came from your mother and 24 from your father. In mitosis, the chromosomes arrange themselves in lines, however in meiosis the chromosomes branch off in pairs. In every other way the process of sexual reproduction is the same. As the cells split, in mitosis the cells line up, in meiosis the cells pair off together. Defects which appear in the pairing in meiosis can lead to chromasomal birth defects. As the cells multiply they group and in turn start to form tissues. There are four main types of tissue. There are Muscle tissue, connective tissues, nervous tissues and epithelial tissues. Other Types of Tissue Cells are of course the smallest parts of each type of tissue in the body. There are four main types of tissue. There are Muscle tissue, connective tissues, nervous tissues and epithelial tissues. Muscle Tissue There are three types of muscle tissue: voluntary, involuntary and cardiac muscle tissue. Connective Tissue Think of these as the parts which hold the body together. Cartilage, tendons, bones and ligaments as well as fat come under this heading. Epithelial Tissue Consider this as the parts of the body which form boundaries. The most obvious is the skin, but also the outer surface of lungs, the heart and liver are all made up of epithelial tissue. This is split into simple epithelial which refers to a single layer of cells and compound epithelial which is made of many layers. The skin is compound epithelial. Nervous Tissue This is made up of a complex structure of organisms called neurons. The nervous system will be covered in greater detail in another lesson.