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Notes on Evolution I. Evidence of Evolution a. Evolution i. Change over time ii. Geological Evolution the evolution of the Earth itself iii. Organic Evolution the evolution of living things b. Fossils i. Any trace or remains of an organism that has been preserved by a natural process ii. Comparing structure of fossils with present day organisms allows us to infer evolutionary relationships iii. Most of the time organisms decay without leaving a trace iv. Special Circumstances 1. Amber and Ice 2. Bones and Petrification 3. Molds, Casts, and Imprints v. 1. Age of fossils Relative dating a. Age determined by relating fossil to others b. Higher layers means younger, lower layers means older 2. Absolute Dating a. Radioactive dating gives more precise time vi. Fossils provide evidence for evolution; RELATED ORGANISMS FOSSILS SHOW SIMILARITIES II. Evidence From Living Organisms a. Anatomical Similarities i. Comparing similarities between living organisms and their structures ii. Homologous structures 1. Similar structure, different function iii. 1. Analogous structures Similar function, different structure iv. Vestigial structures 1. Remnants of structures that were functional in ancestral forms b. Embryological Similarities i. Similarities in fetal development c. III. Molecular Similarities i. Recent advances allow us to use DNA as evidence ii. More similar sequences indicate relationships The Origins of Life (Early) a. Spontaneous Generation i. The idea that life can arise naturally from nonliving matter ii. Francesco Redi 1. Disproved spontaneous generation 2. Set up a covered jar, a mesh net jar and an open jar iii. Louis Pasteur IV. The Origins of Life (Modern) a. Biogenesis i. The idea that life can only arise from preexisting life b. Heterotroph hypothesis i. Conditions on early Earth were very different ii. NO OXYGEN OR CARBON DIOXIDE iii. Random chemical reactions gave rise to anaerobes which increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, this allowed for photosynthetic organisms to develop which then added oxygen V. The Modern Theory of Evolution a. An attempt to explain WHY evolution happens b. Lamarck’s Theory i. Use and disuse 1. The more an organ is used, the bigger and more developed it becomes; the less an organ is used, the small and less developed it becomes ii. Inheritance of acquired characteristics 1. Ability to pass on traits obtained during lifetime 2. NOT TRUE; cut tails off of mice and offspring still have tails VI. VII. Darwin’s Theory a. Most well known theory b. HMS Beagle traveled to the Galapagos Islands (1831-1836) c. 1859 Published “Origin of Species” i. Summary of Natural Selection d. Six Main Points i. Overproduction ii. Competition iii. Variation iv. Adaptation any trait that improves an organisms chance for survival and reproduction v. Natural Selection vi. Speciation e. An example of Darwin’s theory would be Giraffes and how they developed long necks Rates of Evolution a. Gradualism i. b. Slow and steady Punctuated Equilibrium i. Fast and sudden VIII. Genetics and Evolution a. Genetic Sources of Variation i. Darwin didn’t know what caused variation ii. Discovered mutations later (De Vries) iii. Mutations are rare, about 1 in 10,000 genes; but there are thousands of genes so mutations happen in every gamete iv. Genetic recombination (shuffling) 1. Mixing genes (sexual reproduction) 2. Migration a. Moving in or out of a group changes the possible traits that can be passed along 3. Genetic drift a. When only a small group reproduces, only those traits are passed on IX. Adaptations and Natural Selection a. Types of Adaptations i. Structural 1. Involving the body of the organism ii. Physiological 1. Involving the metabolism of the organism b. Reason for Adaptation i. Adaptations make an organism better suited to survive by 1. Increasing ability to obtain food 2. Increasing chance of reproduction 3. Increasing ability to avoid predators a. Camouflage b. Warning Coloration and Mimicry i. Monarch Butterfly vs. Viceroy c. Types of Natural Selection i. Direction ii. Stabilizing iii. Disruptive X. Speciation a. b. c. d. e. The formation of a new species Occurs when species lose the ability to interbreed Types of Speciation i. Isolation 1. Anything that prevents two groups within a species from interbreeding 2. Over time this separation will lead to enough of a difference that reproduction between groups will no longer occur 3. Usually two stages a. Geographic Isolation b. Reproductive Isolation Adaptive Radiation i. As organisms radiate (spread out) they must adapt to new environments; hence they will develop differences which may cause speciation ii. Darwin’s Finches Convergent Evolution i. Non related species may evolve (change) to appear very similar to one another even though they are not related 1. Sharks vs. Dolphins 2. f. Koala’s vs. Bears Co-evolution i. Non related species may effect one another’s evolution ii. “Change (evolve) in response to one another” 1. Flowers and bees; or flowers and bats XI. Observed Natural Selection a. Normally selection takes thousands of years, but mankind has witnessed a few examples i. Industrial Melanism 1. White moth vs. Gray moth ii. Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics (Lederberg Experiment) iii. Insect Resistance to DDT Notes on Evolution I. Evidence of Evolution Evolution i. Change over time ii. Geological Evolution the evolution of the Earth itself iii. Organic Evolution the evolution of living things b. Fossils i. Any trace or remains of an organism that has been preserved by a natural process a. ii. Comparing structure of fossils with present day organisms allows us to infer evolutionary relationships iii. Most of the time organisms decay without leaving a trace iv. Special Circumstances 1. Amber and Ice 2. Bones and Petrification 3. Molds, Casts, and Imprints v. 1. 2. Age of fossils Relative dating a. Age determined by relating fossil to others b. Higher layers means younger, lower layers means older Absolute Dating a. Radioactive dating gives more precise time vi. Fossils provide evidence for evolution; RELATED ORGANISMS FOSSILS SHOW SIMILARITIES II. a. Evidence From Living Organisms Anatomical Similarities i. Comparing similarities between living organisms and their structures ii. Homologous structures 1. Similar structure, different function iii. Analogous structures 1. Similar function, different structure iv. Vestigial structures 1. Remnants of structures that were functional in ancestral forms b. Embryological Similarities i. Similarities in fetal development c. Molecular Similarities i. Recent advances allow us to use DNA as evidence ii. III. More similar sequences indicate relationships The Origins of Life (Early) a. Spontaneous Generation i. The idea that life can arise naturally from nonliving matter ii. Francesco Redi 1. Disproved spontaneous generation 2. Set up a covered jar, a mesh net jar and an open jar iii. Louis Pasteur IV. The Origins of Life (Modern) a. Biogenesis i. The idea that life can only arise from preexisting life b. Heterotroph hypothesis i. Conditions on early Earth were very different ii. NO OXYGEN OR CARBON DIOXIDE iii. Random chemical reactions gave rise to anaerobes which increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, this allowed for photosynthetic organisms to develop which then added oxygen V. The Modern Theory of Evolution a. An attempt to explain WHY evolution happens b. Lamarck’s Theory i. Use and disuse 1. The more an organ is used, the bigger and more developed it becomes; the less an organ is used, the small and less developed it becomes ii. Inheritance of acquired characteristics 1. Ability to pass on traits obtained during lifetime 2. NOT TRUE; cut tails off of mice and offspring still have tails VI. Darwin’s Theory a. Most well known theory b. HMS Beagle traveled to the Galapagos Islands (1831-1836) c. 1859 Published “Origin of Species” i. Summary of Natural Selection d. Six Main Points i. Overproduction ii. Competition e. VII. iii. Variation iv. Adaptation any trait that improves an organisms chance for survival and reproduction v. Natural Selection vi. Speciation An example of Darwin’s theory would be Giraffes and how they developed long necks Rates of Evolution a. Gradualism i. b. VIII. Slow and steady Punctuated Equilibrium i. Fast and sudden Genetics and Evolution a. Genetic Sources of Variation i. Darwin didn’t know what caused variation ii. Discovered mutations later (De Vries) iii. Mutations are rare, about 1 in 10,000 genes; but there are thousands of genes so mutations happen in every gamete iv. Genetic recombination (shuffling) 1. Mixing genes (sexual reproduction) 2. Migration a. Moving in or out of a group changes the possible traits that can be passed along 3. Genetic drift a. IX. When only a small group reproduces, only those traits are passed on Adaptations and Natural Selection a. Types of Adaptations i. Structural 1. Involving the body of the organism ii. Physiological 1. Involving the metabolism of the organism b. Reason for Adaptation i. Adaptations make an organism better suited to survive by 1. Increasing ability to obtain food 2. Increasing chance of reproduction 3. Increasing ability to avoid predators a. Camouflage b. Warning Coloration and Mimicry i. Monarch Butterfly vs. Viceroy c. Types of Natural Selection i. Direction ii. Stabilizing iii. Disruptive X. Speciation a. The formation of a new species b. Occurs when species lose the ability to interbreed c. Types of Speciation i. Isolation 1. Anything that prevents two groups within a species from interbreeding 2. Over time this separation will lead to enough of a difference that reproduction between groups will no longer occur 3. Usually two stages a. Geographic Isolation b. Reproductive Isolation d. Adaptive Radiation i. As organisms radiate (spread out) they must adapt to new environments; hence they will develop differences which may cause speciation ii. Darwin’s Finches e. Convergent Evolution i. Non related species may evolve (change) to appear very similar to one another even though they are not related 1. Sharks vs. Dolphins f. Co-evolution 2. Koala’s vs. Bears i. Non related species may effect one another’s evolution ii. “Change (evolve) in response to one another” 1. Flowers and bees; or flowers and bats XI. Observed Natural Selection a. Normally selection takes thousands of years, but mankind has witnessed a few examples i. Industrial Melanism 1. White moth vs. Gray moth ii. Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics (Lederberg Experiment) iii. Insect Resistance to DDT