Download Notes on Evolution

Notes on Evolution
I.
Evidence of Evolution
a. Evolution
i. Change over time
ii. Geological Evolution  the evolution of the
Earth itself
iii. Organic Evolution  the evolution of living
things
b. Fossils
i. Any trace or remains of an organism that has
been preserved by a natural process
ii. Comparing structure of fossils with present day
organisms allows us to infer evolutionary relationships
iii. Most of the time organisms decay without
leaving a trace
iv.
Special Circumstances
1. Amber and Ice
2.
Bones and Petrification
3.
Molds, Casts, and Imprints
v.
1.
Age of fossils
Relative dating
a. Age determined by relating fossil to
others
b. Higher layers means younger, lower
layers means older
2.
Absolute Dating
a. Radioactive dating gives more precise
time
vi.
Fossils provide evidence for evolution;
RELATED ORGANISMS FOSSILS SHOW
SIMILARITIES
II.
Evidence From Living Organisms
a. Anatomical Similarities
i. Comparing similarities between living
organisms and their structures
ii. Homologous structures
1.
Similar structure, different function
iii.
1.
Analogous structures
Similar function, different structure
iv.
Vestigial structures
1. Remnants of structures that were functional in
ancestral forms
b.
Embryological Similarities
i. Similarities in fetal development
c.
III.
Molecular Similarities
i. Recent advances allow us to use DNA as
evidence
ii. More similar sequences indicate relationships
The Origins of Life (Early)
a. Spontaneous Generation
i. The idea that life can arise naturally from nonliving matter
ii. Francesco Redi
1. Disproved spontaneous generation
2. Set up a covered jar, a mesh net jar and an open
jar
iii.
Louis Pasteur
IV.
The Origins of Life (Modern)
a. Biogenesis
i. The idea that life can only arise from preexisting life
b. Heterotroph hypothesis
i. Conditions on early Earth were very different
ii. NO OXYGEN OR CARBON DIOXIDE
iii. Random chemical reactions gave rise to
anaerobes which increased carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere, this allowed for photosynthetic organisms to
develop which then added oxygen
V.
The Modern Theory of Evolution
a. An attempt to explain WHY evolution happens
b. Lamarck’s Theory
i. Use and disuse
1. The more an organ is used, the bigger and more
developed it becomes; the less an organ is used,
the small and less developed it becomes
ii.
Inheritance of acquired characteristics
1. Ability to pass on traits obtained during lifetime
2. NOT TRUE; cut tails off of mice and offspring
still have tails
VI.
VII.
Darwin’s Theory
a. Most well known theory
b. HMS Beagle traveled to the Galapagos Islands (1831-1836)
c. 1859 Published “Origin of Species”
i. Summary of Natural Selection
d. Six Main Points
i. Overproduction
ii. Competition
iii. Variation
iv.
Adaptation  any trait that improves an
organisms chance for survival and reproduction
v.
Natural Selection
vi.
Speciation
e. An example of Darwin’s theory would be Giraffes and how they
developed long necks
Rates of Evolution
a. Gradualism
i.
b.
Slow and steady
Punctuated Equilibrium
i. Fast and sudden
VIII.
Genetics and Evolution
a. Genetic Sources of Variation
i. Darwin didn’t know what caused variation
ii. Discovered mutations later (De Vries)
iii. Mutations are rare, about 1 in 10,000 genes; but
there are thousands of genes so mutations happen in every
gamete
iv.
Genetic recombination (shuffling)
1. Mixing genes (sexual reproduction)
2. Migration
a. Moving in or out of a group changes
the possible traits that can be passed
along
3. Genetic drift
a.
When only a small group reproduces,
only those traits are passed on
IX.
Adaptations and Natural Selection
a. Types of Adaptations
i. Structural
1. Involving the body of the organism
ii. Physiological
1. Involving the metabolism of the organism
b. Reason for Adaptation
i. Adaptations make an organism better suited to
survive by
1. Increasing ability to obtain food
2. Increasing chance of reproduction
3. Increasing ability to avoid predators
a. Camouflage
b. Warning Coloration and Mimicry
i.
Monarch Butterfly vs.
Viceroy
c.
Types of Natural Selection
i. Direction
ii. Stabilizing
iii. Disruptive
X.
Speciation
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The formation of a new species
Occurs when species lose the ability to interbreed
Types of Speciation
i.
Isolation
1. Anything that prevents two groups within a
species from interbreeding
2. Over time this separation will lead to enough of a
difference that reproduction between groups will
no longer occur
3. Usually two stages
a. Geographic Isolation
b. Reproductive Isolation
Adaptive Radiation
i. As organisms radiate (spread out) they must
adapt to new environments; hence they will develop
differences which may cause speciation
ii. Darwin’s Finches
Convergent Evolution
i. Non related species may evolve (change) to
appear very similar to one another even though they are not
related
1. Sharks vs. Dolphins
2.
f.
Koala’s vs. Bears
Co-evolution
i. Non related species may effect one another’s
evolution
ii. “Change (evolve) in response to one another”
1. Flowers and bees; or flowers and bats
XI.
Observed Natural Selection
a. Normally selection takes thousands of years, but mankind has
witnessed a few examples
i.
Industrial Melanism
1. White moth vs. Gray moth
ii. Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics (Lederberg
Experiment)
iii.
Insect Resistance to DDT
Notes on Evolution
I.
Evidence of Evolution
Evolution
i. Change over time
ii. Geological Evolution  the evolution of the
Earth itself
iii. Organic Evolution  the evolution of living
things
b. Fossils
i. Any trace or remains of an organism that has
been preserved by a natural process
a.
ii. Comparing structure of fossils with present day
organisms allows us to infer evolutionary relationships
iii. Most of the time organisms decay without
leaving a trace
iv.
Special Circumstances
1. Amber and Ice
2.
Bones and Petrification
3.
Molds, Casts, and Imprints
v.
1.
2.
Age of fossils
Relative dating
a. Age determined by relating fossil to
others
b. Higher layers means younger, lower
layers means older
Absolute Dating
a. Radioactive dating gives more precise
time
vi.
Fossils provide evidence for evolution;
RELATED ORGANISMS FOSSILS SHOW
SIMILARITIES
II.
a.
Evidence From Living Organisms
Anatomical Similarities
i. Comparing similarities between living
organisms and their structures
ii. Homologous structures
1. Similar structure, different function
iii. Analogous structures
1.
Similar function, different structure
iv.
Vestigial structures
1. Remnants of structures that were functional in
ancestral forms
b.
Embryological Similarities
i. Similarities in fetal development
c.
Molecular Similarities
i. Recent advances allow us to use DNA as
evidence
ii.
III.
More similar sequences indicate relationships
The Origins of Life (Early)
a. Spontaneous Generation
i. The idea that life can arise naturally from nonliving matter
ii. Francesco Redi
1. Disproved spontaneous generation
2. Set up a covered jar, a mesh net jar and an open
jar
iii.
Louis Pasteur
IV.
The Origins of Life (Modern)
a. Biogenesis
i. The idea that life can only arise from preexisting life
b. Heterotroph hypothesis
i. Conditions on early Earth were very different
ii. NO OXYGEN OR CARBON DIOXIDE
iii. Random chemical reactions gave rise to
anaerobes which increased carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere, this allowed for photosynthetic organisms to
develop which then added oxygen
V.
The Modern Theory of Evolution
a. An attempt to explain WHY evolution happens
b. Lamarck’s Theory
i. Use and disuse
1. The more an organ is used, the bigger and more
developed it becomes; the less an organ is used,
the small and less developed it becomes
ii.
Inheritance of acquired characteristics
1. Ability to pass on traits obtained during lifetime
2. NOT TRUE; cut tails off of mice and offspring
still have tails
VI.
Darwin’s Theory
a. Most well known theory
b. HMS Beagle traveled to the Galapagos Islands (1831-1836)
c. 1859 Published “Origin of Species”
i. Summary of Natural Selection
d. Six Main Points
i. Overproduction
ii. Competition
e.
VII.
iii. Variation
iv.
Adaptation  any trait that improves an
organisms chance for survival and reproduction
v.
Natural Selection
vi.
Speciation
An example of Darwin’s theory would be Giraffes and how they
developed long necks
Rates of Evolution
a. Gradualism
i.
b.
VIII.
Slow and steady
Punctuated Equilibrium
i. Fast and sudden
Genetics and Evolution
a. Genetic Sources of Variation
i. Darwin didn’t know what caused variation
ii. Discovered mutations later (De Vries)
iii. Mutations are rare, about 1 in 10,000 genes; but
there are thousands of genes so mutations happen in every
gamete
iv.
Genetic recombination (shuffling)
1. Mixing genes (sexual reproduction)
2. Migration
a. Moving in or out of a group changes
the possible traits that can be passed
along
3. Genetic drift
a.
IX.
When only a small group reproduces,
only those traits are passed on
Adaptations and Natural Selection
a. Types of Adaptations
i. Structural
1. Involving the body of the organism
ii. Physiological
1. Involving the metabolism of the organism
b. Reason for Adaptation
i. Adaptations make an organism better suited to
survive by
1. Increasing ability to obtain food
2. Increasing chance of reproduction
3. Increasing ability to avoid predators
a. Camouflage
b. Warning Coloration and Mimicry
i.
Monarch Butterfly vs.
Viceroy
c.
Types of Natural Selection
i. Direction
ii. Stabilizing
iii. Disruptive
X.
Speciation
a. The formation of a new species
b. Occurs when species lose the ability to interbreed
c. Types of Speciation
i.
Isolation
1. Anything that prevents two groups within a
species from interbreeding
2. Over time this separation will lead to enough of a
difference that reproduction between groups will
no longer occur
3. Usually two stages
a. Geographic Isolation
b. Reproductive Isolation
d. Adaptive Radiation
i. As organisms radiate (spread out) they must
adapt to new environments; hence they will develop
differences which may cause speciation
ii. Darwin’s Finches
e.
Convergent Evolution
i. Non related species may evolve (change) to
appear very similar to one another even though they are not
related
1. Sharks vs. Dolphins
f.
Co-evolution
2.
Koala’s vs. Bears
i. Non related species may effect one another’s
evolution
ii. “Change (evolve) in response to one another”
1. Flowers and bees; or flowers and bats
XI.
Observed Natural Selection
a. Normally selection takes thousands of years, but mankind has
witnessed a few examples
i.
Industrial Melanism
1. White moth vs. Gray moth
ii. Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics (Lederberg
Experiment)
iii.
Insect Resistance to DDT