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Ch 14 - 16 Reading Guide: History of Life and Theory of Evolution Name: ___________________________________ Period: _____ Date: ____________________ 14.1 Biogenesis 1. We currently believe in a principle called biogenesis. Describe what this means. 2. Before this principle what did people believe? (name/explain) Three scientists are credited with disproving the theory of spontaneous generation. They are named below. Describe their experiments and what they showed. 3. Francesco Redi (1600’s) 4. Lazzaro Spallanzani (1700’s) 5. Louis Pastuer (mid 1800’s) 14.2 Earth’s History 6. About ______ billion years ago, our solar system was a swirling mass of __________ and _____________. 7. What happened to make the planets and how long do scientists think that took? 8. One way to tell the age of something is to use radiometric dating (also called absolute dating). Some isotopes of atoms have unstable nuclei which undergo __________________________ ________________; that is, their nuclei release particles or radiant energy or both. These are called __________________________ _______________________. 1|Page Ch 14 - 16 Reading Guide: History of Life and Theory of Evolution 9. The length of time it takes for one ½ of any sample size to decay is called the ____________________ ____________________. 10. One theory of how organic compounds were first made was proposed by Oparin and Haldane. Explain their theory. 11. Miller and Urey proved Oparin and Haldane’s theory y producing a number of organic compounds, including ___________________ _______________. 12. An opposing theory states that these organic compounds may have come from __________________ ________________. 14.3 The First Life Forms (skip to The First Cells) 13. Many scientists think that __________________ or ________ oxygen gas existed on early Earth. 14. The first forms of life on Earth were probably similar to archaea alive today. Archaea are: ________________________________ (refers to number of cells) Thrive under extremely ________________________ environments Obtain energy by _____________________________. Explain what this is. 15. Some forms of life had become photosynthetic by __________________________ years ago, including ______________________________, a group of photosynthetic, unicellular prokaryotes. 16. Many scientists think that it took _____________________________ years or more for oxygen gas to reach today’s levels. 17. Describe how the first prokaryotes might have formed, and what organelles developed from this process. 2|Page Ch 14 - 16 Reading Guide: History of Life and Theory of Evolution 15.1 History of Evolutionary Thought 18. The development of new types of organisms from preexisting types of organisms over time is called __________________________. Modern scientists also define it as a heritable change in characteristics within a population from one generation to the next. 19. A theory is a _____________________________ explanation for that incorporates many __________________________, _____________________________ and tested __________________________. 20. What were some of the thoughts scientists had in the 1800’s? 21. If you are looking at a bunch of rock (or strata) layers together, which one is the oldest? Explain why. 22. A scientists named Cuvier made some important observations: Some organisms in the past _______________________ greatly from any living species and some had become ________________________. Deeper and ________________________ strata hold fossils that are ______________________________ different from living species. Many ______________________ changes in the kinds of organisms found in one rock strata compared to the next. 23. What were his conclusions based on these observations? 24. How did Lyell add to/change Cuvier’s conclusions? 25. Lamarck believed: that populations or organisms ______________________ over time that simple organisms could arise from _______________________ matter. 3|Page Ch 14 - 16 Reading Guide: History of Life and Theory of Evolution simple forms of life develop into _________________________ forms. Individuals could acquire ___________________ during their lifetime as a result of __________________________ or behavior and pass those traits to offspring. 26. What did Lamarck call his idea? 27. Who, besides Darwin, came up with a theory of evolution? 28. Describe descent with modification. 29. Explain these four parts of natural selection: Over production of offspring Genetic variation Struggle to survive Differential reproduction 15.2 Evidence of Evolution 30. What is the Law of Superposition? 31. Define these terms and explain how they are different: Relative age Absolute age How are these two different? 4|Page Ch 14 - 16 Reading Guide: History of Life and Theory of Evolution 32. Here are some inferences that can be made from the fossil record: different organisms lived at __________________________ times. today’s organisms are __________________________________ those of the past. fossils found in adjacent layers are __________________ like each other than organisms that lived in widely separated time periods. by comparing fossils and rocks from around the world, we can infer __________________ and __________________ different organisms existed. Species have differed in a _____________________ ______________________ of forms over time. 33. What are transitional species? 34. How can you explain that humans, penguins, alligators and bats all have similar arm bones? 35. Anatomical structures that occur in different species and that originated by heredity in a recent ancestor are called _____________________________ structures. Give an example. 36. Analogous structures have closely related features, but do not derive from the __________________ ___________________________ structure. Give an example. 37. _____________________ __________________________ seem to serve no function, but resemble structures with functional roles in related organisms. Give an example. 38. How can DNA be used to show organisms are related? 5|Page Ch 14 - 16 Reading Guide: History of Life and Theory of Evolution 39. Although modern evolutionary theory can never be “proven,” it is widely accepted and applied by scientists because it ___________________________ the broadest range of observations and makes useful _____________________________. 15.3 Evolution in Action Define the following terms: 40. Convergent evolution 41. Divergent evolution 42. Adaptive radiation 43. Artificial Selection 44. Coevolution 16.1 Genetic Equilibrium 45. In your own words, what is population genetics? 46. Describe how variations in population occur. (There is more than one answer…) 47. All the genetic information in a population is its _____________ _______________. 6|Page Ch 14 - 16 Reading Guide: History of Life and Theory of Evolution 48. Over time __________________ frequencies in a population can change dramatically, but ____________________ frequencies tend to remain the same. This is referred to as __________________________ ___________________ _________________________ and assumes 5 conditions: a. b. c. d. e. Exceptions to this result in evolution of a population. 16.2 Disruption of Genetic Equilibrium 49. How frequently do mutations occur and how do they affect genetic equilibrium? 50. Describe gene flow and how it affects genetic equilibrium (giving an example). 51. Describe genetic drift. How is the size of the population important for the effects of genetic drift (give an example to illustrate your answer) 52. Many species do not mate randomly. Describe some things (3 are mentioned) that cause nonrandom mating. 7|Page Ch 14 - 16 Reading Guide: History of Life and Theory of Evolution Evolution relies on natural selection, which disrupts genetic equilibrium. Describe each of these means of natural selection and give an example of it in action. 53. Stabilizing selection 54. Disruptive selection 55. Directional selection 16.3 Formation of Species 56. The process of species formation is called _________________________. There are two different ways to decide if something is a different species: a. by looking at its internal structures and external appearance, called _____________________________. What are some limitations to this? b. __________________________ speciation, where new species can not breed with the old one. What are some limitations to this? 57. One way that new species develop is through __________________, where two parts of a population stop breeding. This can happen in several ways. Explain and give an example of each: 58. Geographic Isolation: 59. reproductive isolation (there’s more than 1 way…the names aren’t important, though the processes are) 60. Changes in population can happen slowly over time. This is called ___________________________. But sometimes fossil evidence shows changes happen quickly. This is called _____________________ _______________________. 8|Page Ch 14 - 16 Reading Guide: History of Life and Theory of Evolution Name: ___________________________________ Period: _____ Date: ____________________ 14.1 Biogenesis 1. We currently believe in a principle called biogenesis. Describe what this means. Living things come only from other living things 2. Before this principle what did people believe? (name/explain) Spontaneous generation—living things could come from nonliving materials (cloth + wheat = mice) Three scientists are credited with disproving the theory of spontaneous generation. They are named below. Describe their experiments and what they showed. 3. Francesco Redi (1600’s) used meat in a jar with a screen over it to show maggots came from eggs, not from the meat itself 4. Lazzaro Spallanzani (1700’s) boiled broth to kill microbes left 1 open and it spoiled, closed the other and it stayed unspoiled. People said that sealing it left out a “vital force” of life that is in the air. 9|Page Ch 14 - 16 Reading Guide: History of Life and Theory of Evolution 5. Louis Pastuer (mid 1800’s) Swan necked flasks- boiled broth in special flasks and left them open. That let the “vital force” in. They remain unspoiled to this day. 14.2 Earth’s History 5_ billion years ago, our solar system was a swirling mass of _gas_ and _dust_. 6. About _ 10 | P a g e Ch 14 - 16 Reading Guide: History of Life and Theory of Evolution 7. What happened to make the planets and how long do scientists think that took? Gravity pulled particles in, they collided and stuck and eventually formed the planets About 400 million years 8. One way to tell the age of something is to use radiometric dating (also called absolute dating). Some isotopes of atoms have unstable nuclei which undergo radioactive_ _decay_; that is, their nuclei release particles or _ radiant energy or both. These are called _ radioactive_ _isotopes_. 9. The length of time it takes for one ½ of any sample size to decay is called the half_ _life_. _ 10. One theory of how organic compounds were first made was proposed by Oparin and Haldane. Explain their theory. The atmosphere contained ammonia, methane, water and carbon dioxide that made organic compounds under high temperatures 11. Miller and Urey proved Oparin and Haldane’s theory producing a number of organic compounds, including _ amino_ _acids_. 12. An opposing theory states that these organic compounds may have come from outer_ _space_. _ 11 | P a g e Ch 14 - 16 Reading Guide: History of Life and Theory of Evolution 14.3 The First Life Forms (skip to The First Cells) little no 13. Many scientists think that _ _ or _ _ oxygen gas existed on early Earth. 14. The first forms of life on Earth were probably similar to archaea alive today. Archaea are: unicellular_ (refers to number of cells) Thrive under extremely _harsh_ environments Obtain energy by _chemosynthesis_. Explain what this is. Using chemicals to make energy, instead of light _ 15. Some forms of life had become photosynthetic by _3 billion_ years ago, cyanobacteria_, a group of photosynthetic, unicellular including _ prokaryotes. 16. Many scientists think that it took _ a billion or more_ years or more for oxygen gas to reach today’s levels. 17. Describe how the first eukaryotes might have formed, and what organelles developed from this process. About 2 billion to 1.5 billion years ago, a prokaryote (bacteria) was eaten by a eukaryote and multiplied inside as mitochondria 12 | P a g e Ch 14 - 16 Reading Guide: History of Life and Theory of Evolution 15.1 History of Evolutionary Thought 18. The development of new types of organisms from preexisting types of organisms evolution over time is called _ _. Modern scientists also define it as a heritable change in characteristics within a population from one generation to the next. well-supported_ explanation that incorporates many _observations_, _inferences_ and tested _hypothesis_. 19. A theory is a _ 20. What were some of the thoughts scientists had in the 1800’s? all species were static (unchanging) and Earth was only thousands of years old 21. If you are looking at a bunch of rock (or strata) layers together, which one is the oldest? Explain why. The ones on the bottom…the others formed on top of them. 22. A scientists named Cuvier made some important observations: differed_ greatly from any living species and some had become _extinct_. Deeper and _older_ strata hold fossils that are _increasingly_ Some organisms in the past _ different from living species. sudden Many _ _ changes in the kinds of organisms found in one rock strata compared to the next. 23. What were his conclusions based on these observations? Catastrophes caused extinctions at certain times in Earth’s past (theory called catastrophism) 24. How did Lyell add to/change Cuvier’s conclusions? He said that the process that shapes Earth’s surface are the same ones that worked in the past. (called uniformitarianism) 13 | P a g e Ch 14 - 16 Reading Guide: History of Life and Theory of Evolution 25. Lamarck believed: change_ over time that simple organisms could arise from _non-living_ matter. simple forms of life develop into _more complex_ forms. Individuals could acquire _traits_ during their lifetime as a result of _experience_ or behavior and pass those traits to offspring. that populations or organisms _ 26. What did Lamarck call his idea? Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics 27. Who, besides Darwin, came up with a theory of evolution? Alfred Russell Wallace 28. Describe descent with modification. The idea that you get traits from your parents through reproduction, and species can change over time 29. Explain these four parts of natural selection: Over production of offspring More babies are made than will survive Genetic variation In a population, individuals have different traits Struggle to survive Individuals compete to survive (food, water, shelter…) Differential reproduction 14 | P a g e Ch 14 - 16 Reading Guide: History of Life and Theory of Evolution Only organisms that are best adapted to their environment will survive and reproduce 15.2 Evidence of Evolution 30. What is the Law of Superposition? If rocks are undisturbed, the oldest ones are on the bottom 31. Define these terms and explain how they are different: Relative age Compares one fossil to another (tells if older or younger) Absolute age Estimates the age (gives a number of how old or young) How are these two different? Relative tells if older or younger. Absolute tells how much. 15 | P a g e Ch 14 - 16 Reading Guide: History of Life and Theory of Evolution 32. Here are some inferences that can be made from the fossil record: different_ times. today’s organisms are _different_ those of the past. fossils found in adjacent layers are _more_ like each other than organisms different organisms lived at _ that lived in widely separated time periods. by comparing fossils and rocks from around the world, we can infer _ when_ and _where_ different organisms existed. Species have differed in a _ gradual_ _sequence_ of forms over time. 33. What are transitional species? Have features between and early and later species (“missing links”) 34. How can you explain that humans, penguins, alligators and bats all have similar arm bones? Means they had a common ancestor that later evolved into four different species 35. Anatomical structures that occur in different species and that originated by heredity in a recent homologous_ structures. ancestor are called _ Give an example. See #34…they are homolgous 36. Analogous structures have closely related features, same__ but do not derive from the _ ancestral_ structure. Give an example. Birds, Bats and moths all _ 16 | P a g e Ch 14 - 16 Reading Guide: History of Life and Theory of Evolution have wings, but of different shapes and structures so they came from different ancestors Vestigial_ _structures_ seem to serve no function, but 37. _ resemble structures with functional roles in related organisms. Give an example. Human tailbone and appendix 38. How can DNA be used to show organisms are related? More the base sequence is similar; the more closely related the species are 39. Although modern evolutionary theory can never be “proven,” it is widely accepted explains_ the broadest range of observations and makes useful _predictions_. and applied by scientists because it _ 15.3 Evolution in Action Define the following terms: 40. Convergent evolution Different species evolve similar traits (analogous structures) 41. Divergent evolution 1 ancestor evolves into many others (homologous structures) 42. Adaptive radiation 1 species evolves to fit many different niches (purposes) in an ecosystem 43. Artificial Selection Traits are chosen to be passed on (e.g. plant/animal breeding) 17 | P a g e Ch 14 - 16 Reading Guide: History of Life and Theory of Evolution 44. Coevolution 2 species evolve together (e.g. humans and bacteria in us) 16.1 Genetic Equilibrium 45. In your own words, what is population genetics? Studying the traits of an entire population rather than just 1 or two examples (like Punnett squares) 46. Describe how variations in population occur. (There is more than one answer…) Environmental factors (e.g. amt. food) Heredity…what gets passed on (family resemblance) Mutations in genes Recombination from indep. assort in meiosis Random pairing of gametes during fertilization 47. All the genetic information in a population is its _ gene_ _pool_. phenotypic_ frequencies in a population can change dramatically, but _allele_ frequencies tend to remain the same. This is referred to as _Hardy-Weinberg__ _Genetic_ _Equilibrium_ and assumes 5 conditions: a. no mutations occur b. no one enters or leaves the population c. the population is large d. individuals mate randomly e. selection does not occur (no natural selection) 48. Over time _ 18 | P a g e Ch 14 - 16 Reading Guide: History of Life and Theory of Evolution Exceptions to this result in evolution of a population. 16.2 Disruption of Genetic Equilibrium 49. How frequently do mutations occur and how do they affect genetic equilibrium? Constantly, but at very low rates (and remember, we learned that most of them are in “junk” DNA, or produce no effect in amino acid sequence change or protein shape/function) 50. Describe gene flow and how it affects genetic equilibrium (giving an example). Genes move from one population to another through emigration/immigration As animals migrate, they take their genes with them and leave behind a different allele/phenotypic frequency 51. Describe genetic drift. How is the size of the population important for the effects of genetic drift (give an example to illustrate your answer) Allele frequency changes as a result of random events, e.g. tsunami wipes out a plant species. Smaller populations are more susceptible to extinction form events like this. E.g. elephant seals 19 | P a g e Ch 14 - 16 Reading Guide: History of Life and Theory of Evolution are all homozygous. e.g. breeding programs at zoos. 52. Many species do not mate randomly. Describe some things (3 are mentioned) that cause nonrandom mating. Geographic proximity: organisms mate with what is close to them geographically Select traits similar to their own (assortive mating) Sexual selection: mates are often chosen not randomly, but for desirable traits, e.g birds bright feathers Evolution relies on natural selection, which disrupts genetic equilibrium. Describe each of these means of natural selection and give an example of it in action. 53. Stabilizing selection 20 | P a g e Ch 14 - 16 Reading Guide: History of Life and Theory of Evolution The “average” of the trait survives; the extremes are least fit; “just right” is best e.g. lizards…bigger and smaller (slower)caught by prey 54. Disruptive selection Both extremes of the trait survive the best; biggest or smallest survive e.g. shells white blends against white rocks, dark blends against dark rocks, in between don’t blend and get eaten 55. Directional selection Only one extreme is best for survival e.g. anteaters, longest tongue gets more ants 16.3 Formation of Species speciation 56. The process of species formation is called _ _. There are two different ways to decide if something is a different species: 21 | P a g e Ch 14 - 16 Reading Guide: History of Life and Theory of Evolution a. by looking at its internal structures and external appearance, called morphology__. What are some limitations to this? __ May look different, but still be able to reproduce Biological_ speciation, where new species can not breed with b. _ the old one. What are some limitations to this? Don’t know for extinct species if they were actually their own species, and some things don’t reproduce sexually 57. One way that new species develop is through _ of a population stop breeding. isolation_, where two parts This can happen in several ways. Explain and give an example of each: 58. Geographic Isolation: Become physically separated, e.g. river forms, continents move Eventually, have separate gene pools and can no longer reproduce with each other (allopatric speciation) 22 | P a g e Ch 14 - 16 Reading Guide: History of Life and Theory of Evolution 59. Reproductive Isolation (there’s more than 1 way…the names aren’t important, though the processes are) still live in same geographic place but reproduce differently (sympatric speciation) e.g. different times or use different mating calls. 60. Changes in population can happen slowly over time. This is called gradualism_. But sometimes fossil evidence shows changes happen quickly. This is called _punctuated_ _equilibrium_. __ 23 | P a g e