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Transcript
MOTOR SYSTEMS: THE CEREBELLUM AND BASAL GANGLIA D. C. MIKULECKY PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY AND FACULTY MENTORING PROGRAM THE CEREBELLUM AND BASAL GANGLIA COORDINATE MOVEMENTS THE CEREBELLUM IS INVOLVED IN PLANNING, COORDINATION, AND POSTURE ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR LOBES INVOLVED IN LIMB MOVEMENT FLOCCULONODULAR LOBE IS INVOLVED IN EQUILIBRIUM AND POSTURE ANATOMY OF THE CEREBELLUM Lateral Intermediate Zone Zone Floculonodular Lobe SOMATIC SENSORY PROJECTIONS ONTO THE CEREBELLAR CORTEX FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBELLUM PLANNING OF A MOVEMENT CONTROL OF POSTURE AND EQUILIBRIUM CONTROL OF SMOOTH LIMB MOVEMENT CELL TYPES AND CIRCUITS IN THE CEREBELLUM PURKINJE CELLS ARE THE MOST PROMINENT OF ALL THE CEREBELLAR CELL TYPES TWO INPUTS: CLIMBING FIBERS (FROM OLIVARY NUCLEUS) AND PARALLEL FIBERS FROM GRANULE CELLS OUTPUT VARIES ACORDING TO INPUT: CLIMING FIBERS LEAD TO COMPLEX PATTERNS WHILE PARALLEL FIBERS GENERATE SIMPLE PATTERNS THE BASAL GANGLIA THE BASAL GANGLIA PLAN MOVEMENTS PRIMARY INPUT FROM NEOCORTEX OTHER INPUTS FROM THE THALAMUS AND SUBSTANTIA NIGRA GLOBUS PALLIDUS PROVIDES OUTPUT COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS BASAL GANGLIA: AFFERENT CONNECTIONS CORTEX CAUDATE THALAMUS PUTAMEN SUBSTANTIA NIGRA BASAL GANGLIA: INTRINSIC CONNECTIONS CORTEX CAUDATE THALAMUS PUTAMEN GLOBUS PALLIDUS SUBSTANTIA NIGRA BASAL GANGLIA: EFFERENT CONNECTIONS CAUDATE THALAMUS PUTAMEN GLOBUS PALLIDUS SUBSTANTIA NIGRA BASAL GANGLIA OUTPUT TO CORTEX VIA THALAMUS MODULATE DESCENDING COMPONENTS OF THE MOTOR SYSTEM ADDITIONAL OUTPUTS TO SUBSTANTIA NIGRA USE DOPAMINE AS NEUROTRANSMITTER: THESE DEGENERATE IN PARKINSON’S DISEASE THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS SEMICIRCULAR CANALS: HAIR CELLS SENSE MOTION THREE COORDINATE PLANES: SUPERIOR, INFERIOR, AND HORIZONTAL UTRICLE AND SACCULE DETECT LINEAR ACCELERATION IN HORIZONTAL AND VERTICLE PLANES THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS: UTRICLE & SACCULUS ONE CANAL IN EACH COORDINATE PLANE UTRICLE & SACCULUS AMPULLA THE UTRICLE & SACCULUS OTOCONIA (CALCIUM CARBONATE CRYSTALS) NERVE CELLS OTOLITHIC MEMBRANEGELATINOUS LAYER HAIR CELLS THE UTRICLE & SACCULUS OTOCONIA (CALCIUM CARBONATE CRYSTALS) NERVE CELLS HEAD MOVEMENT OTOLITHIC MEMBRANEGELATINOUS LAYER HAIR CELLS THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS: SEMICIRCULAR CANALS ONE CANAL IN EACH COORDINATE PLANE UTRICLE & SACCULUS AMPULLA THE AMPULLA NERVE CELLS HAIR CELLS THE AMPULLA MOVEMENT OF HEAD INERTIAL FLUID MOVEMENT NERVE CELLS FIRE HAIR CELLS BENT DISEASES OF THE MOTOR SYSTEM UPPER-MOTOR-NEURON LESIONS CORTICOSPINAL TRACT LESIONS LOWER MOTOR NEURON LESIONS CEREBELLAR LESIONS UPPER-MOTOR-NEURON LESIONS PARALYSIS ON SIDE OF BODY OPPOSITE LESION INCREASED MUSCLE TONE EXTENSION OF BIG TOE AND BABINSKI SIGN LACK OF MUSCLE ATROPHY CORTICOSPINAL TRACT LESIONS LOSS OF STRENGTH AND MOVEMENT OF MUSCLE GROUPS LOSS OF STRENGTH IN VOLUNTARY MUSCLE CONTRACTION BABINSKI SIGN LOWER MOTOR NEURON LESIONS IPSOLATERAL HYPOACTIVE REFLEXES PARALYSIS FLACID MUSCLES WITH PROMINENT ATROPHY CEREBELLAR LESIONS IPSILATERAL DISTURBANCES LATERAL LESIONS RESULT IN COORDINATION LOSS LESIONS IN THE VERMIS PRODUCE ATAXIA (LOSS OF COORDINATION) FLOCCULONODULAR LOBE LESIONS PRODUCE EQUILIBRIUM DISTURBANCE AND ATAXIA
