* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 16
Survey
Document related concepts
Inflammation wikipedia , lookup
Immunocontraception wikipedia , lookup
Rheumatic fever wikipedia , lookup
Lymphopoiesis wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Hygiene hypothesis wikipedia , lookup
Monoclonal antibody wikipedia , lookup
Immune system wikipedia , lookup
Molecular mimicry wikipedia , lookup
Adoptive cell transfer wikipedia , lookup
Adaptive immune system wikipedia , lookup
Cancer immunotherapy wikipedia , lookup
Polyclonal B cell response wikipedia , lookup
Innate immune system wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Shier w Butler w Lewis Chapter 16 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Chapter 16 Lymphatic System and Immunity • network of vessels that assist in circulating fluids • closely associated with the cardiovascular system • transports excess fluid away from interstitial spaces • transports fluid to the bloodstream • transports fats to bloodstream • help defend the body against diseases 2 Lymphatic Pathways 3 Lymphatic Capillaries • microscopic • closed-ended tubes • in interstitial spaces of most tissues 4 Lymphatic Vessels • walls are similar but thinner than those of veins • composed of three layers • endothelial lining (inner) • smooth muscle (middle) • connective tissue (outer) • larger vessels lead to lymph nodes and then to larger lymphatic trunks 5 Lymphatic Trunks • drain lymph from the lymphatic vessels • named for the regions they serve • lumbar • intestinal • intercostal • bronchomediastinal • subclavian • jugular 6 Collecting Ducts • Right lymphatic duct • Thoracic duct drains lymph from the upper right side of the body drains lymph from the rest of the body 7 Summary of Lymphatic Pathway 8 Tissue Fluid and Lymph Lymph • tissue fluid that has entered a lymphatic capillary Lymph formation • dependent on tissue fluid formation 9 Tissue Fluid Formation Tissue fluid • originates from plasma • contains water and dissolved substances • contains smaller proteins which create colloid osmotic pressure 10 Lymph Formation increasing hydrostatic pressure within interstitial spaces forces tissue fluid into lymphatic capillaries • resultant fluid is lymph • this process prevents accumulation of excess tissue fluid or edema 11 Lymph Function • absorption of dietary fats • delivers fats to bloodstream • collection of excess interstitial fluids • delivers excess fluids to bloodstream • delivers foreign particles to lymph nodes 12 Lymph Function 13 Lymph Movement • action of skeletal muscles • respiratory movements • smooth muscle in larger lymphatic vessels • valves in lymphatic vessels 14 Lymph Nodes 15 Locations of Lymph Nodes • cervical region • axillary region • supratrochlear region • inguinal region • pelvic cavity • abdominal cavity • thoracic cavity 16 Functions of Lymph Nodes • filter potentially harmful particles from lymph • immune surveillance by macrophages and lymphocytes • areas of lymphocyte production 17 Thymus • small in an adult • site of T lymphocyte production • secretes thymosins 18 Spleen • largest lymphatic organ • located in upper left abdominal quadrant • sinuses filled with blood • contains two tissue types •white pulp • lymphocytes • red pulp • red blood cells • lymphocytes • macrophages 19 Major Organs of Lymphatic System 20 Body Defenses Against Infection • pathogen • disease causing agent • bacteria, viruses, complex microorganisms, spores of multicellular organisms • innate defenses • general defenses • protects against many pathogens • adaptive defenses • immunity • more specific • carried out by lymphocytes 21 Innate (Nonspecific) Defenses 22 Inflammation Response 23 Adaptive (Specific) Defenses or Immunity • resistance to particular pathogens or to their toxins or metabolic by-products • based on the ability to distinguish “self” from “non-self” • antigens elicit immune responses 24 Antigens • proteins • polysaccharides • glycoproteins • glycolipids • most effective are large and complex • haptens are small molecules that are not antigenic by themselves 25 Lymphocyte Origins Insert figure 16.16 26 Lymphocyte Functions • T cells • secrete lymphokines • help activate T cells • cause T cell proliferation • activate cytotoxic T cells • stimulate leukocyte production • stimulate B cells to mature • activate macrophages • secrete toxins that kill cells • secrete growth-inhibiting factors • secrete interferon • cellular immune response 27 Lymphocyte Functions • B cells • differentiate into plasma cells • produce antibodies • humoral immune response 28 Comparison of T and B Cells 29 T Cells and the Cellular Immune Response • requires antigen-presenting cell • requires MHC antigens • types of T cells • helper T cell • cytotoxic T cell • memory T cell 30 T Cell and B Cell Activation 31 B Cell Activation, Stimulation and Proliferation 32 B Cell Proliferation and Differentiation 33 Steps in Antibody Production 34 Antibody Molecules 35 Types of Immunoglobulins 36 Antibody Actions 37 Immune Responses 38 Classifications of Immunity 39 Allergic Reactions Immune attacks against nonharmful substances that can damage tissues 40 Allergic Reactions Type I • immediate-reaction allergy • occurs minutes after contact with allergen • hives • hay fever • asthma • eczema • gastric disturbances • anaphylactic shock 41 Allergic Reactions Type II • antibody-dependent cytotoxic reaction • takes 1-3 hours to develop • transfusion reaction Type III • immune-complex reaction • takes 1-3 hours to develop • antibody complexes cannot be cleared from body • damage of body tissues 42 Allergic Reactions Type IV • delayed-reaction allergy • results from repeated exposure to allergen • eruptions and inflammation of the skin • takes about 48 hours to occur 43 Transplantation and Tissue Rejection • Transplanted tissues and organs • cornea • kidney • liver • pancreas • heart • bone marrow • skin Tissue rejection reaction • resembles cellular immune response against antigens • important to match MHC antigens • immunosuppressive drugs used to prevent rejection 44 Four Major Varieties of Grafts 45 Autoimmunity • inability to distinguish “self” from “non-self” 46 Life-Span Changes • immune system declines early in life when thymus gland shrinks • higher risk of infections • antibody response to antigens becomes slower • IgA and IgG antibodies increase • IgM and IgE antibodies decrease 47 Clinical Application Immunity Breakdown: AIDS • recurrent fever • weakness • weight loss • caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) • HIV impairs macrophages and helper T cells • later in infection, HIV impairs cytotoxic T cells • HIV mutates quickly • immune system cannot keep up with HIV 48