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The Immune System Pathogens-disease-causing agents like bacteria, protozoans, fungi, viruses, and other parasites How is Bacteria in Your Body Good? History Robert Koch-1876, German Physician He cultured the rod-shaped bacteria that caused anthrax in cattle and sheep He injected the anthrax into healthy animalsthey died. Transmission From human to human Transmission during incubation periods Carriers Animals to humans (rabies, Lyme disease) Soil and Water What causes symptoms? Viruses take over the host cells, and eventually kill them Bacteria produce toxins that are transported by blood These toxins can inhibit protein synthesis, destroy blood cells and blood vessels, produce fever, or disrupt the nervous system Patterns of Diseases Endemic disease-constantly present (the common cold) Epidemic disease-people get the same disease at the same time (polio) Treating Diseases Antibiotics-substance produced by a microorganism that, in small amounts, will kill or inhibit growth and reproduction of bacteria Innate Immunity Your body’s first line of defense! skin, mucus, oil, sweat, tears, and saliva Inflammation redness, swelling, pain, and heat Phagocytes White blood cells that engulf pathogens Macrophages Also engulf and destroy pathogens Interferons Used for the invasion of viruses They go to healthy cells and produce antiviral proteins that prevent the virus from multiplying Acquired Immunity Building a resistance to pathogens The lymphatic system Antibody Immunity Your body builds up this immunity by producing antibodies to it T-Cells-interact with B-cells B-Cells-produce antibodies (memory) Cellular Immunity Killer T-cells Stored in lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils Release enzymes that kill pathogens Passive Immunity Develops as a result of acquiring antibodies that are generated in another host Ex.-mother-to-child, during nursing Artificial passive immunity-injecting antibodies into body from an animal or human that is already immune (snake bites) Active Immunity Obtained naturally when a person is exposed to antigens Will be immune if exposed again vaccines