Download Biomolecules are organic molecules built and used inside of cells

Biomolecules are
organic molecules
built and used inside
of _______
Which of the following is not a
biomolecule?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Carbohydrate molecules
Lipid molecules
Protein molecules
Water molecules
Biomolecules
• Biomolecules are used for these
main purposes:
–
–
–
–
To store chemical _____________
To build cell structures
To perform cellular activities
To store genetic information
Carbohydrates
• Main elements are :
• Found in abundance in _____________
and vegetables
• Monomers:
– Called ________________________
– Ratio of elements:
• For every carbon atom, add 1
water molecule
• What is the monosaccharide
formula if there are 5 carbon
atoms? ___________
•
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6esFOqj_IaY
Monosaccharides
• The function of monosaccharides is to
______________ for a short term
• Monosaccharides are broken down in
cellular ________________ into
carbon dioxide and water
• The energy released from the broken
bonds is used to form molecules of
______ (the energy currency of the
cell)
• Examples of monosaccharides are
___________, fructose, dextrose, and
galactose
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
• When two monosaccharides bond together through
dehydration ___________________ a ___saccharide is
formed
• Di = ___
• These molecules are used as short term energy storage as well
• Must be __________________ into individual monosaccharides to
be used in cellular respiration
• Examples: sucrose, lactose, maltose
Polysaccharides (complex carbs)
• Polysaccharide = a few hundred to thousand
_____________________ joined together
• Two main groups based on function:
1. Energy storage (bonds easily broken)
•
•
_____________– how plants store glucose
_____________ – how animals store glucose
2. Structural function (strong bonds)
•
•
________________ – makes up plant cell walls
______________ – makes up arthropod exoskeletons
Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides
• What’s different
about starch and
glycogen
compared with
cellulose and
chitin?
• When blood sugar level is too
high:
– Cells ____________ glucose
molecules from blood
– Dehydration synthesis reactions bond
glucose molecules together to form
______________
•
Stored in liver and muscle cells for later use
• When blood sugar level is too
high:
– __________________ break down
glycogen into individual glucose
molecules
– Cells ___________ glucose molecules
into the blood stream
• Maintaining the right amount of
blood sugar is an example of
what characteristic of life?
Which of the following carbohydrates is used for long term
energy storage?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1st molecule
2nd molecule
3rd molecule
4th molecule
[MC Types]
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Lipids
• Elements: C, H, and O, but
with much less ______
than in carbohydrates
• Monomers: ___________
________ chains
– Nonpolar
• Don’t dissolve in water
• hydrophobic
• Other molecules:
• _________________
• _________________ (only
in phospholipids)
Lipid Examples
• __________________ :
– 3 chains of fatty acids
bonded to one glycerol
– Functions: long-term
energy storage and
insulation
– Fat = animal triglycerides
• More saturated
• Solid at room temp.
– Oils = plant triglycerides
• Less saturated
• Liquid at room temp
Butter vs. Margarine
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Lipid examples
• __________________:
– Two fatty acid chains
bonded to a glycerol,
bonded to a phosphate
head
– Head is _____________
• Attracted to water
– Tails are _____________
• Repel water
– Function: forms cell and
organelle membranes
• “phospholipid bilayer”
forms when put in aqueous
solution
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Phospholipase
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Lipid examples
• Waxes
– One fatty acid chain joined to
a long chain of glycerol
molecules
– Waterproof and protective
outer coverings such as
leaves, skin
• Lipid Steroids
– Regulation molecules
– Ex) cholesterol and steroid
hormones such as
testosterone and estrogen
17
Carbohydrates are easier to metabolize than lipids.
However, on a gram per gram basis, lipids provide
cells with more A.
B.
C.
D.
nitrogen
protein
structure
energy
18
Protein
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Proteins
• Monomers = _______________
• There are ______ different amino acids (AAs)
– All have this general structure, with the ______group
representing the molecule that makes each AA unique
AAs have:
• C,H,O, and ____
• An ______ group
• A carboxylic
______ group
• A unique ____
group
Proteins
•
•
•
Polymers = __________________ chains
–
AA + AA + AA + etc.. = polypeptide
–
____________ - the bond formed
between two amino acids as a
result of dehydration synthesis
–
A polypeptide is folded into a
protein
Sequence of AA determines the
_______________ of the protein
(folded polypeptide)
The shape of the protein determines its
___________________ in the cell
– Every protein has a different job or
function in your cells
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•
Protein
Functions
_________________
– muscles contract to move materials through out your body and
contract to allow you to move
• Examples) actin and myosin are proteins involved in muscle contraction
• _____________________
– Found in skin, eyes, hair, cartilage, cell organelles
• Example) melanin is a protein that determines skin and hair color
• _________________________
– Transports materials across a cell and between different cells
• ex) _______________ is a protein that transports oxygen throughout
body
• Help fight _______________
– Antibodies are proteins that attach to invading bacteria and viruses
• Regulate the rate of chemical reactions
– ______________ are proteins that increase the rate of chemical
reactions
Nucleic Acids!
Nucleic Acids
• Monomers =
_______________
• Elements: C,H,O,__,
•
and ____
Nucleotides are
composed of
1. A ________ molecule
2. A ____________
molecule
3. A ____________ base
molecule
Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic acids are polymers made of repeating
nucleotides
• The two types of nucleic acids are
– ________(deoxyribonucleic acid)
• Stores genetic info
– ________(ribonucleic acid)
• Converts genetic information into proteins
• The function of nucleic acids are to store and
transmit genetic information
DNA
RNA
Nucleic Acids
• There are 4 different types of bases that can
make up each nucleotide
– DNA nucleotide bases = _______________
– RNA nucleotide bases= ________________
• The ____________ of the nitrogen bases in
the nucleotides makes individual genetically
unique
Sequence