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Study Guide for Heredity Test Gregor Mendel - The father of genetics, who studied inheritance in the late 1800s Heredity- The passing of traits from parents to offspring Genetics- The scientific study of inheritance or heredity Gene – A part of a chromosome that codes for a trait Alleles - An allele is one of two or more versions of a gene. An individual inherits two alleles for each gene, one from each parent. They are usually represented with a letter and combine to form the genotype for each gene. Homozygous - If the two alleles are the same – RR or rr Heterozygous or Hybrid- a genotype that is a combination of a dominant and a recessive allele – Rr – Dd Dominant gene- Strong form of a gene, which is expressed even if a recessive gene is present – represented by a capital letter in the genotype (RR, Rr) Recessive gene- The weak form of a gene, which is not expressed when the dominant gene is also present – only expressed when both genes are recessive – represented by a lower case letter in the genotype (rr) Phenotype- A genetic trait that an individual actually shows – the words that describe the trait. Eg. Purple flower – Blue eyes – Short arms Genotype- The gene combination that determines the phenotype. Eg. Kk – Rr - VV Incomplete Dominance- A condition that results when genes produce a trait somewhere in between the traits of the parents – two different color eyes – skin color on a mixed race child. Somatic cell - is almost any cell forming the body of an organism other than a gamete. Gametes- Sex cells; egg and sperm in organisms that reproduce sexually. They have 23 chromosomes or 1 from each of the parent chromosome pairs. Egg cells - All of the 400000 egg cells a woman will ever produce are already present in her ovaries when she is born Sperm cells – replicate through meiosis beginning at puberty and continuing for the rest of the male’s life Study Guide for Heredity Test Mitosis – Cell division that produces 2 daughter cells identical to the 1 parent cell – occurs for growth and to replace dead cells Meiosis- Cell division that produces gametes (sex cells: eggs and sperm) or spores having one set of unpaired chromosomes – 1 cell creates 4 gametes in Meiosis Chromosomes – The normal human cell contains 46 chromosomes organized in 23 pairs. Karotype – a picture of a person’s chromosmes X chromosome-The longer sex chromosome; females have two X chromosomes, Y chromosome-The shorter sex chromosome, males have one X and one Y chromosome Mutation- A sudden, unexpected change in the structure of the DNA or the chromosomes; mutations can occur in body or sex cells; most are not harmful Replication- The copying process in which new DNA is created DNA Replication - adenine (A) always is paired with thymine (T) and cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G) --