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Name Answer Key Date Period 3.7 Cell Respiration 1. Define cell respiration. Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic molecules in cells to form ATP. 2. State the equation for the process of cell respiration. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy 3. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic in terms of cell respiration. Outline the general process of both. Both start with glucose, use glycolysis, produce ATP, produce pyruvate, and produce CO2. Aerobic pathways use oxygen, use the link reaction, krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, and produces a large amount of ATP (36). Anaerobic pathways do not require oxygen, produce lactic acid/lactate through lactic acid fermentation, produces ethanol through alcoholic fermentation, occurs only in the cytoplasm of the cell, and produces a small amount of ATP (2) Aerobic respiration breaks glucose down into pyruvate during glycolysis, pyruvate is converted into the acetyl coA in the link reaction, which then joins with oxaloacetate to form citrate in the krebs cycle. Here it is oxidized and decarboxylated forming NADH and FADH2, as well as ATP. NADH and FADH2 transfer electrons to the Electron Transport Chain, where chemiosmosis and oxidative phosphorylation occurs. Anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate. In order to continue to produce energy, NADH needs to be recycle into NAD+, where pyruvate is reduced and forms lactate in lactic acid fermentation, or it is decarboxlyated and reduced to form ethanol in alcoholic fermentation. 4. Complete the table below summarizing the events of aerobic cell respiration. Reaction Location Purpose ATP yield Glycolysis Cytoplasm Split glucose into pyruvate and produce NADH and ATP 2 Link Reaction Matrix of the mitochondrion Convert pyruvate (3C) to acetyl CoA (2C) 0 Krebs Cycle Matrix of mitochondrion Form NADH, FADH2, and ATP 2 Electron Transport Chain/Chemiosmosis Inner mitochondrial membrane Oxidative phosphorylation Inner mitochondrial Membrane Generate concentration gradient using movement of electrons to power ATP synthase Movement of H+ ions through ATP synthase to form ATP, using energy from movement of electrons Stephen Taylor Bandung International School http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com 32-34 32-34 Name Answer Key Date Period 8.1/C3 Cell Respiration (AHL/Option content) 5. Many reactions in living things can be classified as either oxidation or reduction reactions. These are particularly important in cell respiration and photosynthesis. Complete the table below to compare oxidation and reduction reactions. OXIDATION REDUCTION Electrons are… lost Gained Oxygen is… Gained Lost Hydrogen is… Lost Gained 6. Define phosphorylation. Addition of a phosphate group to a molecule. Substrate level phosphorylation occurs when an enzyme transfers an electron directly from a substrate to a molecule of ADP. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs using the movement of electrons to generate energy used to add a phosphate to a molecule of ADP. Makes molecules less stable 7. In the space below, draw a diagram to show the process of glycolysis. Process of breaking glucose down into pyruvate, using two molecules of ATP to start the process. The glucose molecule is phosphorylated, split apart, and goes through substrate level phosphorylation. This forms 2 pyruvate molecules, 2 molecules of NADH, and a net gain of 2 ATP molecules. 8. Explain the link reaction, including oxidative decarboxylation and conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and CO2. In the link reaction, both pyruvate molecules are decarboxylated (lose a carbon which forms CO2), oxidized (lose electrons), and combined with a molecule of coenzyme A to form 2 NADH and 2 acetyl coA. Stephen Taylor Bandung International School http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com Name Answer Key Date 9. Period Complete the table below with the functions of the structures of the mitochondrion. How is each structure adapted to help maximize efficiency of respiration? Structure: Function: Outer membrane Separates internal and external components of mitochondrion and controls entry/exit of materials Location of ETC and ATP synthase, pumps electrons and generates H+ gradient to produce ATP and water. Inner membrane (including christae) Matrix Contains enzymes for link reaction and krebs cycle to produce acetyl coA, NADH, and FADH2, and ATP Inter-membrane space Area where hydrogen ions accumulate to generate concentration gradient and proton motive force. 10. List two electron carriers that are used in cell respiration. NADH FADH2 11. Outline the process of the Krebs Cycle. Acetyl coA will combine with a molecule of oxaloacetate to form a 6-carbon molecule Citrate. Citrate will be decarboxylated (loses carbon, forms CO2) and oxidized (loses electrons) twice, releasing 2 CO2 and forming 2 NADH, and a 4-carbon molecule. This molecule will undergo substrate-level phosphorylation to form a molecule of ATP. The 4-carbon molecule will be oxidized two more times, forming NADH and FADH2, while being recycled to the starting molecule of oxaloacetate. For each molecule of glucose that is broken down, the Krebs cycle will turn twice, producing 6 molecules of NADH, 2 molecules of FADH2, 4 molecules of CO2, and 2 molecules of ATP. Stephen Taylor Bandung International School http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com Name Answer Key Date Period 12. Annotate the diagram below with the stages of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Include generation of a H+ concentration gradient in the inter-membrane space, movement of electrons, oxidative phosphorylation by ATP synthase, use of O2 as the terminal electron acceptor H+ H+ H+ eNADH H+ H+ H+ NAD+ e- H+ H+ H+ FADH2 H + H+ FAD+ NADH and FADH2 will donate electrons to electron acceptors in the ETC. The electrons will pass down the chain to the final electron acceptor, oxygen, which will then combine with two hydrogens to form water. As the electrons move down the ETC, the proteins will pump hydrogen ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space, generating a concentration gradient, which generates a proton motive force. The hydrogen ions will move through the ATP synthase and power oxidative phosphorylation, which is used to add a phosphate molecule to ADP, forming ATP. H+ O + H+ H2O ADP +P ATP 13. In the space below, define the terms electron transport chain, chemiosmosis, and oxidative phosphorylation Electron transport chain, series of molecules (mainly proteins) that accept and donate electrons as they pass from NADH/FADH2 to the final electron acceptor oxygen, which then combines with H+ and leaves as water. It also pumps H+ ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space. Chemiosmosis is the coupling of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase to move H+ ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space, which generates a H+ gradient that is then used to power ATP synthase and cause oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative Phosphorylation uses energy from the movement of electrons/hydrogen ions to add a phosphate to a molecule of ADP, forming ATP. This produces roughly 32-34 molecules of ATP per 1 glucose. Stephen Taylor Bandung International School http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com