* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download History4AFinalStudyGuide - b
Military of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Travel in Classical antiquity wikipedia , lookup
Senatus consultum ultimum wikipedia , lookup
Constitution of the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Demography of the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Promagistrate wikipedia , lookup
Roman funerary practices wikipedia , lookup
Switzerland in the Roman era wikipedia , lookup
Food and dining in the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Romanization of Hispania wikipedia , lookup
Education in ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Roman Republic wikipedia , lookup
Roman Republican governors of Gaul wikipedia , lookup
Roman emperor wikipedia , lookup
Culture of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Roman army of the late Republic wikipedia , lookup
Roman historiography wikipedia , lookup
Roman agriculture wikipedia , lookup
Roman economy wikipedia , lookup
Early Roman army wikipedia , lookup
Cursus honorum wikipedia , lookup
Constitutional reforms of Sulla wikipedia , lookup
History of the Constitution of the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Constitution of the Roman Republic wikipedia , lookup
* MORE INFORMATION NEEDED Romans: Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctator- after Hannibal destroyed agrigculture QFMC elected dictator. Waged a war of attrition (wearing down or weakening of resistance). Rome won. Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus- sent to Spain, went against tradition. Won the battle of Ilipa in 206. Romans invaded Numidia and won that kingdom. Written about by Polybus. Gained political postions because he had a lot of public support. Marcus Porcius Cato -(234-149 BC) fist person to write Roman history in Latin, but used Greek models and styles. Fostered an image of powerful Roman culture over weak, feminine Greek culture. Known as the Censor. Did not agree with Greek slave teachers. Influx of Greek culture after the capture of Syracuse dubious feelings about the adoption of Greek culture. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus- Elected the Trib. Of Pleb. in 134 BC. Instituted progressive changes w/ brother (Gaius). Agrarian law proposal regarding public land holdings. All land reclaimed by state to be redistributed. Bypassed the Senate when proposing the law (because they would shoot it down…) and went straight to the Assembly. Assassinatedprecedence of violence in Roman politics. Bill passed… unsure whether he actually believed in these progressive changes or was just doing it to gain popular support. Gaius Sempronius Gracchus - Tribune of the Pleb. in 124. Tried to make social reforms, specifically about public land just like his brother. Proposed multipoint reform program…Roman state should buy grain and subsidize it for Roman citizens. Also killed by opponents. All public land became private land. Graccian period was the first time the imbalance of power between the Greeks and the Romans was addressed as well as the agrarian problem. -*Gracchi moved power away from the Senate and into the hands of the popular assemblies. Gaius Marius- Roman general who fought in the Jugurthine War. Was not from an aristocratic family. Was a “new man”, first one to start the era of new men (“novous homo”). Enrolled property-less soldiers (property used to be a requirement to be part of the Roman Army, which was an honor). Becomes consulchange in tradition. Rules allowing a man to become consule were changing. Lucius Cornelius Sulla- (138-78 BC) Roman general, politician and consul. Also became a dictator. Very successful general: defeated Jugurtha. Leading general in the Social War. Elected consul in 88. Fights against Marius after returning from a successful campaign against the kingdom of Pontus. Sulla wins the fight against Marius. Created proscriptions. Named himself dictator. Institutes a series of reforms aimed to enhance the power of Senatorial oligarchs, thus taking power away from the Trib.o’Plebs when they were proposing revolutionary bills that threatened traditional order. Voluntarily resigns in 79 BC… after the war took land from the colonies to give to his soldiers. Began tradition of obtaining power by gaining support of the soldiers. Gnaeus Pompeius (Pompey)- (106-48 BC) Military general in Sulla’s army. No official standing, but had military support. Used by Senate to defeat Roman enemies, including Spartacus. After putting down three consecutive uprisings, demanded to be made consul (extorted consulship by threatening Senate). Undid Sulla’s social reforms and restored power to the Trib.o’Plebs & restored the right to propose legislation. who then gave him several military campaigns after his year as consul. Senate highly disliked him. Dealt w/pirates blocking grain supply (got imperium to do so, defeated them in 3 months). Defeats Mithradades. Sets up client kings who become allies to Romans for protection from the Parthian empire. After military campaigns in east returned to Rome in 62…disbands army but Senate still tried to punish him. First triumvirate: Caesar, Pompey (brought honor, and army) and Crassus. Caesar worked to get land allotment for veterans. Marries Caesar’s daughter Julia, when she died broke political ties with CaesarCivil War from 49-45. Pompey defeated in Spain, Greece and Egypt. Killed in Egypt after losing to Caesar. Marcus Tullius Cicero-(106-43 BC) Greatest Roman orator, no military background. Elected consul in 63. “New founder of Rome”. Discovered Catiline’s plot to overthrow established power & assassinate him…had him (Catiline) executed and his followers exiled. Fearful of the growing power of Pompey/Caesar…supported Octavian. Lucius Sergius Catilina (Catiline)-attempted to obtain consulship for himself while Pompey was away. Gained popular support (landless poor and nobles who felt they had been thwarted from power) because wanted to abolish debts- some feel that he was pandering to their desires and did not actually believe in this cause. Formulated an assassination plot against Cicero. Marcus Licinius Crassus- (115-53 BC) ran a private fire service…not publically avowed. Took Caesar’s debts. Specialized in buying political support. Became involved in a triple alliance with Caesar and Pompey (first triumvirate). Eventually became consul with Pompey as a result of the Luca agreement. Killed in military campaign. Julius Caesar -(100-44 BC)End of the Roman republic. Did not come from wealth. Used the populares to his advantageheavy debts from public works projects. Went to Spain for wealth. Given the title “pontifex maximus”. Overseas colonization for veterans. Took steps to make Rome one big community instead of colonies. Pompey and Caesar amassed a lot of power…people became suspicious that they were going to become dictators…Took military command in Gaul, very successful (Gaelic Wars). Pompey tried to consolidate power and made an alliance w/optimates to defend the Republic from Caesar. Forced into Civil War after he crossed the Rubicon. Was victorious- said to have had a child w/Cleopatra. Established himself as a dictator in 49…was careful not to be considered divine, but actions became monarchical. Killed by Senate on 15 March 44public uproar. Declared divine posthumously. -Use of violence and military forces for supportdownfall of the Republic, took power away from the Senate. Marcus Antonius- (Mark Antony) [83-30 BC] Consul for the year 44 with Caesar. Gave Caesar’s killers amnesty and abolished dictatorship. Was not able to keep absolute power because Caesar had named Octavian his heirtriumvirate w/Oct. and Lepidus. Showdown between Antony and Octavian over control of the empire…relationship w/Cleopatra proved to undermine his image w/in Roman empire…Octavian invaded Egypt and took over Alexandria after Antony/ Cleopatra tried to invade Roman Empire. Octavian chose to declare war against Cleopatra instead of Antony so it wouldn’t look like a civil war. Antony committed suicide. Roman Emperors: Augustus- (Octavian). Nephew of Caesar and appointed his heir before his death. Overthrew Antony and seized power for himself. In total power after the death of Antony. Brought Ptolemaic reign in Egypt to an end. Incorporated Hellenistic kingdom into Rome. Legal authority decided- did not want to be a dictator. Transferred power back to Senate (symbolically, not actually). Given the title “Augustus” by the Senate. Conquest and victory. Restored temples. Wildly popular. Called “Pater Patriae” (Father of the Fatherland)…reflects supremacy not only in Rome but also in Italy. Tiberius- first Roman Emperor (reigned 14-37 AD). Dynastic linkage through Augustus (T married A’s daughter, Julia). Given the care, administration and management of the empire (“cura”) as well as status and position (“statio”). Adopted by Augustus. Livia’s stepson. Imperium poconsulare maius, status that equaled Augustus. Wrote letters to the generals of the Roman armies. Made Praetorian Guard swear an oath of loyalty to him. Convenes Senate twice: first time dealing w/burial of Augustus and deification, second about his status. “Cura” and “Statio” given to him dynastically. Nero- (reigned 54-68 AD) Used Christians as a scapegoat for a massive fire that practically destroyed Rome (first example of persecution). Dynasty ended with his death (suicide after started to lose support from Senate, provincial governors and the praetorian guard after a revolt in Gaul). After his death empire went into a Civil War…multiple men declared emperor w/P.Guard swearing their allegiance to several different ones simultaneously. Vespasian- (69-79 AD) declared emperor by the eastern provinces in the summer of 69. Civil war against Vitellius, but Vespasian had control of the grain supply…Won and became emperor. Hadrian- (117-138 AD) Travelled more than his predecessors...had extensive military training, intellectual but also had prejudices: loved the Greeks, hated the Jews (inadventendly caused the Bar Kochba Revolt b/c tried to have Greek temples built in Judaea). First Roman emperor to be bearded, break from tradition. Called a halt to imperial expansion and built a defensive wall (in England) to protect the empire from invaders. Localized military recruitmentloyalty for the area being defended. Commodus- ruled from 180-192 AD. Succeeded his father, Marcus Aurelius. Made coemperor with his father. Was not a good emperor. Tried to deify himself. Disliked greatly, assassinated. Diocletian- (284-305 AD) Soldier from the Balkans, no Senatorial background. Brought stability to the empire and ended the cycle of civil war. Created the tetrarch: two senior emperors and two junior emperors (appointed as successors to the senior emperors), helped with the maintenance of the empire (Each lived in area of sovereignty w/unique capital). Rome was not one of the capitals. Voluntary abdicated the throne, thus ensuring the stability of Tetrarchy. Bureaucratic. Constantine- (305-337 AD) Sole ruler from 324-337 [as a result of more civil wars] Founded a new ruling dynasty. First Christian Emperor, baptized on death bed. Made Christianity legal within the Empire. From the Balkans. Overhauled the empire. New capital in Constantinople. Conversion believed to have occurred during battle (Battle of Milvian Bridge in 312 AD). Question if his faith was sincere. Non-Romans: *Pyrrhus- supported Southern Italy in Pyrric Wars. Elephants. Hellenistic army. Battle of Pericleadefeat for Rome. Hannibal- Commander who led forces against Roman empire in the Carthaginian War. Crossed the Alps…WITH ELEPHANTS!! FUCK YEAH! Died in 229 BC . Family had a deep seeded hate of Rome. Led army against Rome in Second Punic War. Extremely successful against the Romans. Defeated at the Battle of Zama due to sheer numbers. Rome also fought a war of attrition and allowed him to get no resources. *Philip V- king of Macedon (221-179 BC). Known for an unsuccessful struggle with Rome when it was an emerging power. Allied with Hannibal. Rome’s excuse for waging war against Macedonians was that it was protecting the liberty of the Greeks against Macedonian expansionGreek dependency on Rome. *Massinissa- Romans were able to conquer Numidia because he disliked the Carthaginians. First king of Numidia. Roman ally in the battle of Zama. *Antiochus III- allied with Philip. Rome declared war on him in 92 BC. Roman naval and land victory. Cleopatra- Queen of Egypt. Shared with her brother at first…he was killed and she took full control. Had love affairs with both Caesar and Mark Antony, sons with each. Committed suicide by having an asp bite her. Zenobia- Queen of the Palmyrene Empire. Led a revolt against the Roman Empire. Husband was Odenathus, who defeated the Sassanids. Unprecedented because she was the first woman to take control and revolt against the Roman Empire. Battles: Battle of Cannae- (216 BC) Hannibal defeats Rome. Destroys the agriculture of Italy, some colonies join Hannibal. Rome begins a war of attrition against Hannibal. Rome elected QFMC. Battle of Zama- (202 BC) defeat of Hannibal. Took place in northern Africa. One of the keys to Roman success was Scipio’s use of cavalry. Battle of Cynoscephalae- Romans and Macedonians (197 BC). Roman victory due to their speed and mobility. Annexed no territory and had peace talks w/Philip. Used victory to send message to the Sessanid king. Battle of Pydna- Roman victory. 168 BC during the Third Macedonian War. Battle of Actium- Octavian declared war against Cleopatra. Naval battle. A & Cleo flee…kill themselves. Battle of Milvian Bridge- Constantine’s conversion in 312 AD. Saw a cross in the sun. Wars, Treaties, Revolts: *First, Second and Third Punic Wars- First: (264-241 BC) Rome built up navy and defeated Carthaginian king Hamilcar. Ceded Sicily to Rome. Second: (218-202 BC) led by Hannibal, son of Hamilcar. Roman army under the command of Scipio Hannibal was quite successful for some time, but then became trapped in Southern Italy. Scipio drew Hannibal out of Italy by moving the campaign to Africa, where Carthaginian forces were defeated at the battle of Zama. Third: *Treaty of the Ebro- 226 BC. *Jugurthine War- (112-106) Between Jugurtha, Numidian king, and Roman general Gauis Marius. Rome won. Social War- (91-88 BC) Came from the term “socii”, which means allies. Italians against the Romans. Italians were will organized: had an army, minted coins and spread propaganda. Then, Roman law changed to grant citizenship to any city that ceased fightingend of war. Postulated that Italy wanted citizenship or independence. Italians felt that they were not benefitting from the wars that they were fighting for Rome. Roman forces led by Sulla. Bar Kochba Revolt- (131-136 AD) Rebellion of Jewish population against Rome. Led by Simeon. Lasted for 5 years. Started after Hadrian ordered construction of the Temple of Jupiter in Judaea. Crushed, but many Romans lost their lives. Texts: Commentariolum Petitionis Philippics Res Gestae Divi Augusti Technical Terms: Civitas sine suffragio-“citizenship without the vote”. Level of citizenship in the Republic which did NOT guaranteed the right to vote in popular assemblies. Awarded to the defeated people outside Latium. (after the Latin War). These people had all of the responsibilities of Roman citizens, but could not vote. Also, had to supply the Roman army with soldiers. Imperium – power. Referred to as power/support of the gods bestowed upon a popular leader. A man with imperium had authority to apply the law within the scope of his magistrate (power cannot be questioned…cannot be prosecuted). Latifundium- large tracts of public land purchased by nobles in order to make huge private estates. Fostered the slave trade because the large farms needed a lot of workers to be successful. Ager publicus- public land. Land owned by the state that is available for distribution to citizens. Limit on the amount available for each citizen (500 units), but that law was often disregarded. Increased division in wealth between rich and poor. Also fueled because land was a prerequisite to some political positions. Also used by Sulla for his veterans…did not know how to farm the land. (Pompey gave is veterans land in the colonies) Tributum- Roman tax. Senatus consultum ultimum- “final decree of the Senate”. Final Act. Decree of the Senate passed in times of emergencies. Does not define the limits of the powers. Used to protect the state. Imperium proconsulare maius - higher degree of imperium over another magistrate. Power like that of the consul. “Greater proconsular power”. Gave the man greater power over authority over other proconsuls. Unlike traditional proconsular power it did not lapse when he entered the city of Rome. Tribunicia potestas- tributionary power to propose or veto legislation before the Senate. Offices, Institutions: Consul- highest civil and military magistrates. Head of the government, control of military. Two elected annually. Usually went on to govern the province after their year ended. Stopped once the empire began and there was only one head of state… Tribune of the plebs- ten elected officials. Had the right to convene and propose legislation at the Plebian Councils. Could also summon the Senate. Only had power within the city of Rome. Dictator- designed as a post to be held temporarily during an emergency. Powers include ability to overrule all other magistrates and to be immune from tribunal vetoes. Abolished by Mark Antony after Caesar’s death. Praetorian guard- bodyguards used by the Roman Emperors. Military unit allowed to act within the city of Rome. Created by Augustus. Would pledge their loyalty to the emperor, but would kill him if they supported someone else. Tetrarchy- created under Diocletian. First appointed another senior (“Augustus”) emperor and then two junior (“Caesar”) emperors. Each emperor had his own capital (other than Rome) that was situated close to the frontier. Had equal authority. Reduced the functional size of the Empire. Cohesion and loyalty, but relatively short lived. All four rulers were close (statue of the four men embracing…) Non-Roman Peoples: Etruscans- major competitor during 800-500 BC. Occupied northern Italy. Called themselves “resanna”,while Rome called them “etruscy”. Unified empire with common culture and religion and language. Economic power w/ metals. Pan-Mediterranean trading network. Parthinans- Empire centralized Imperial structure. Pompey created a shield against the Parthinans with petty kings/ satellite colonies. Early 60s BC. Sassanids- Empire in Persia. No unified front to counterattack them because the Roman Empire was in flux. Finally defeated by a private army controlled by an independent ruler: Odenathus. Goths- Germanic tribal group. Possibly from the North Sea. Aggressive during the 3rd century along the Danube front of the Roman Empire. Larger, well armed and better organized than other groups. -** because the Roman Empire was fighting against the Sassanids and Goths concurrently it put strain on the army, who did not want to leave regional bases to fight…** Miscellaneous: Twelve Tables- ancient legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman law. Formed the centerpiece of the constitution of the Roman Republic. Recounted by Livy. Similar to the bill of rights. Aerarium militare- Augustus donated money to the military in order for them to start civilian lives. Took money out of his own account…gave land to the veterans. Contio- where proposals were debated before put up for vote. Pax decorum- Good graces of the gods. Salutatio- “Morning Visit”. Aristocrats greeted by clients at his house in the morning. The more people more power/prestige. Proscriptions- declarations of Roman citizens who are to be outlawed, as decided by Sulla. Made it legal for anyone to kill someone on this list. Generated revenue (state could absorb their estate) and got rid of Sulla’s political enemies. Mos maiorium- custom of the fathers/anestors. Core concept of Roman traditionalism. Unwritten code from where the Romans derived their societal norms. Hadrian’s Wall- defensive wall built in England. Hadrian wanted to separate the Romans from barbarians and to create a fixed, static boundary that would bring an end to imperial expansion. Wanted to fortify and solidify the empire. Antonine Plague Philhellenism- love of Greek culture. Constitutio Antoniniana Constantinople- new capital of the Roman Empire under Constantine. “New Rome”. Was the seat of the Byzantine Empire for 1000 yrs. Edict of Milan- (313 AD) Declared religious toleration within the Empire. Arian Heresy- question of orthodoxy. Relationship between God the father and God the son. Begun by a priest from Alexandria who did not believe that the Son could be fully divine as well…less than God the father. Council of Nicaea- assembled by Constantine in 325 AD to discuss the problems posed by the Arian Heresy and to consolidate doctrine. First Ecumenical Council. Christ was declared of the same substance as God the father…Nicene Creed. Established the precedent that the Roman Empire would be involved w/in the Church. Groups/Status Designations: Patricians- aristocratic ruling class. Plebians Optimates-Whished to uphold traditional senatorial authority against the demands of the assemblies. Aristocratic. Populares- policies and politicians who appealed to the mass of Roman citizens. Valued rights and suspicious of the Senate. Appealed to popular concerns. “Those pandering to the people” Novus homo- “New Man”. Men involved in the government who were not from Patrician or aristocratic/wealthy families. Ex.) Gaius Marius. Colonus Senators Equestrians ~*~~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~ - in the beginning it was Rome’s goal to gain control and perpetuate it by building up dependent allies - Carthage was Rome’s long term enemy *wealthy and in a powerful position on the Northern coast of Africa *lots of silver and other precious metals -Roman allies in Italy were treated as second-class citizens. They were expected to provide troops and fight for Rome in war, yet they were not allowed citizenship. -Roman army supported by a tax levied on the citizens. -Claudius appointed emperor by the P. Guard after they killed Caligula, who was Tiberius’ heir. *conquered Britain to gain support from the people/the Senate. -ClaudiusNeroCivilWar, multiple emperorsVespasianDomitianTrajan (The model emperor)HadrianMarcus AureliusCommodus -Rome did not economically depend on slaves for its survival (for they could cheaply employ the poor as laborers), but instead needed slaves to ensure social hierarchy.