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Transcript
Introduction to Botany: Plant Anatomy Master Gardener Training Series 2015 Botany is... Botany Basics John Punches Oregon State University Plants in our Ecosystem Capture sun’s energy Food source Replenish atmospheric oxygen Participate in water cycle Moderate world climate Provide shelter Source of numerous raw materials Reading Assignment The study of plants. Botany Applied Identify plants Grow & propagate plants Influence flowering & fruit production Control unwanted growth Maintain plant health Modify plant features Reading Option extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany 1 Introduction to Botany: Plant Anatomy Master Gardener Training Series 2015 Basic Classifications Vascular vs. Non-vascular Seed vs. Seedless Flowering vs. Flowerless Big 2 Vascular Plant Divisions Flowering Plants (Anthophyta) Cone Bearing Plants (Coniferophyta) Plant Life Cycles Annuals - complete life cycle (seed to seed) in one year Biennials - require all or part of 2 years to complete life cycle Perennials - live longer than 2 years Monocots vs Dicots Structure Seed Leaves Vascular System Floral Parts Leaves Monocots Herbaceous - soft stems that die back in winter Woody - trees, shrubs, etc. Vascular Plant Structure Dicots One Two Xylem & phloem in bundles, dispersed in stem Xylem & phloem in rings; xylem inner ring, phloem outer ring Usually threes or multiples of three Usually in multiples of four or five Often parallel-veined Generally net-veined Roots Stems Leaves Flowers Fruit & Seeds Root Functions Roots Absorb nutrients Absorb moisture Anchor plant in soil Support stem Store food Propagate vegetatively 2 Introduction to Botany: Plant Anatomy Master Gardener Training Series Root Structure 2015 Zone of Elongation Lateral Root Zone of Maturation Primary Root Meristematic Zone Root Hairs Root Tip Root Tip Root Cap Zone of Elongation Root Cap Meristematic Zone Photo: Source Unknown Root Anatomy Epidermis Cortex Endodermis Xylem Phloem Tap Root Fibrous Root Photo: Botany for Gardeners, Capon Root Tissues Xylem - conduct water & nutrients Phloem - carry sugars & starches Endodermis - contain vascular tissues Cortex - primary tissue surrounding vascular bundle Epidermis - outermost layer of plant tissues, protective layer Stems 3 Introduction to Botany: Plant Anatomy Master Gardener Training Series 2015 Terminal Bud Stem Functions Node Internode Support buds Support leaves Support flowering/fruiting structures Carry water & minerals Carry food (photosynthates) Axillary or Lateral Bud Node Bud Scale Scar Node Lenticel (breathing pore) Leaf Scar Inside a Bud Stem Structure Quiz Apical Meristem Axillary Bud Node Internode Node Photo: Botany for Gardeners, Capon Herbaceous Stem Anatomy Photos: Botany for Gardeners, Capon Vascular Arrangements in Stems Xylem Phloem Vascular Bundles Herbaceous Monocot Herbaceous Dicot Illustration: Botany for Gardeners, Capon 4 Introduction to Botany: Plant Anatomy Master Gardener Training Series Monocot Vascular Arrangement 2015 Dicot Vascular Arrangement Air Space Support Cells Xylem Phloem Phloem Vascular Cambium Support Cells Xylem Stem Tissues Herbaceous Monocot Woody Stem Growth Herbaceous Dicot Vascular Bundle Epidermis Cortex Ground Tissue Vascular Cambium Pith Woody Stem, Secondary Growth Woody Stem Anatomy Heartwood nonfunctional xylem Sapwood functional xylem Outer Bark Inner Bark (phloem) Vascular Cambium 5 Introduction to Botany: Plant Anatomy Master Gardener Training Series Woody Stem Anatomy 2015 Stem Tissues Xylem - conduct water & minerals Phloem - carry sugars & starches Epidermis - Outermost layer of plant tissue, protective layer Cortex - primary tissue surrounding vascular bundles Pith - thin-walled cells at center of stem Adapted from Panshin & DeZeeuw, 1980, Textbook of Wood Technology, 4th edition, p17. Specialized Above-Ground Stems Specialized Underground Stems Crowns - compressed stems with leaves and flowers on short internodes Spurs - short side stems arising from main stem, often bear fruit on trees Stolons - fleshy or semiwoody, elongated, horizontal stems, often at soil surface Tuber - enlarged, short, fleshy underground stem tip Rhizome - horizontal underground stem, may be compressed and fleshy or slender with elongated internodes Bulb - short, compressed, underground stem with central bud at tip of stem, surrounded by fleshy scales (leaves) Specialized Underground Stems Corm - solid, swollen underground stem with dry, scale-like leaves Tuberous stem - short, flat, enlarged underground stem with buds and shoots at top and fibrous roots at bottom 6 Introduction to Botany: Plant Anatomy Master Gardener Training Series 2015 Leaf Functions Leaves Photosynthesis - use sunlight to make food Respiration - use food to make energy Transpiration - lose water (as vapor) to atmosphere 7 Introduction to Botany: Plant Anatomy Master Gardener Training Series 2015 Leaf Parts Leaf Anatomy Cuticle Upper Epidermis Palisade Mesophyll Vascular Bundle Lamina (blade) Spongy Mesophyll Intercellular Chamber Petiole Guard Cells Leaf Model Stoma Lower epidermis Cuticle Stoma & Guard Cell upper epidermis vascular bundle palisade mesophyll spongy mesophyll xylem phloem lower epidermis stoma Stoma Stomatal Control Open Guard Cell Leaf Surface Closed 8 Introduction to Botany: Plant Anatomy Master Gardener Training Series 2015 Leaf Forms Types of Leaves Scale leaves (cataphylls) - enclose and protect rhizomes and buds Seed leaves (cotyledons) - store food for seedlings Spines & Tendrils - protect or help support Storage leaves - found on bulbous plants & succulents, store food Bracts - modified, often brightly-colored leaves around flowers Flowers http://www.free-pictures-photos.com/leaves/leafs-n7z.jpg Flower Functions Flower Anatomy Stamen Exchange pollen Achieve fertilization Produce seed Anther Filament Stigma Style Petal Sepal Pistil Ovary 9 Introduction to Botany: Plant Anatomy Master Gardener Training Series 2015 Filament Petals Anther Style Sepals Stigma Photo: Botany for Gardeners, Capon Flower Types Complete all floral organs present (sepals, petals, stamens, pistil) Incomplete flower lacks 1 or more of the 4 organs Flower Types Perfect - has both stamen (male organs) and pistil (female organ) Imperfect - having only one type of organ Imperfect Flowers Staminate - male organ present Pistillate - female organ present Imperfect Flowers Pistillate Flower Staminate Pistillate Staminate Flower Photos: Botany for Gardeners, Capon 10 Introduction to Botany: Plant Anatomy Master Gardener Training Series 2015 Species with Imperfect Flowers Monoecious both pistillate and staminate flowers occur on same plant • birch, pecan, squash Exchange of pollen Numerous mechanisms Dioecious Pollination pistillate are on one plant, staminate on a different plant insects, birds, bats, wind, rain Flowers are optimized for their pollination vector • ginkgo, holly, pistachio, kiwi Fertilization Pollen Grain Stigma Style Pollen Tube Ovule Ovary http://www.flickr.com/photos/27872075@N02/3163971737/sizes/o/ Fruit Petal Stigma Stamens Style Ovary Sepal Floral Tube Ovule (becomes seed) After: Botany for Gardeners, Capon Types of Fruit Sepals Simple - develop from one ovary (may have multiple seeds) Aggregate - develop from a single flower with multiple ovaries Multiple - develop from a tight cluster of separate flowers 11 Introduction to Botany: Plant Anatomy Master Gardener Training Series 2015 Seed Anatomy Seeds Germination Embryo - miniature plant in an arrested state of development Endosperm - food supply (can be comprised of proteins, carbohydrates, fats) Seed coat - hard outer covering that protects from disease and insects; also repels water Germination of a Dicot Activation of embryo within seed Preceded by water penetrating seed coat Oxygen, favorable temperature, and (in some species) light required Germination of a Monocot The Incredible Vascular Plant 12
