Download Lymphatic System Chapt 14

Chapter 14
Lymphatic System
and Immunity
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A. Structures of the lymphatic system:
• Lymph vessels and nodes
• Spleen
• Thymus gland
• Tonsils and adenoids (MALT)
• T and B cells
B. Functions
• Protects the body from invaders/pathogens
through general and specific immunity.
• Transports and recollects fluids
• Filters the fluid for harmful particles
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 Lymphatic Pathways
A. Lymphatic pathways start as lymphatic
capillaries that merge to form larger lymphatic
vessels that empty into the cardiovascular
system.
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B. Lymphatic Capillaries
1.
These are tiny, closed-ended tubes that
are 1 layer of simple squamous
epithelium thick.
2.
They receive tissue fluid through their
thin walls; once inside, tissue fluid is
called lymph.
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C. Lymphatic Vessels (similar to veins)
1.
These are thinner than veins but are
constructed with the same three layers
with valves on the inside.
2.
Larger lymphatic vessels pass through
lymph nodes and merge to form
lymphatic trunks.
What does trunk indicate????
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D. Lymphatic Trunks and Collecting Ducts
1.
The lymphatic trunks drain lymph from
the body and are named for the regions
they drain.
2.
These trunks join one of two collecting
ducts---either the thoracic duct or right
lymphatic duct.
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3. The thoracic duct drains the left side of the body
and both legs into the left subclavian vein.
4. The right lymphatic duct drains the right upper
body into the right subclavian vein.
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Pg 380
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Label regions and organs and COLOR
what is drained by the right lymphatic duct
Tonsils
Use page
380-383
Peyer’s
patches
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Label path of lymph flow
5
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Order these terms to show direction of
lymph flow:
Node
Tissue
Duct
Capillary
Subclavian vein
Trunk
Vessel (use this twice )
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Path of Lymph Flow
TissueCapillaryVesselNodeVesselTrunkDuctSubclavian vein
• Left thoracic duct drains the left side of the body
and both legs
• Right lymphatic duct drains the right upper body
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 Lymph Movement
A. The hydrostatic pressure of tissue fluid drives
the entry of lymph into lymphatic capillaries.
B. Forces that move lymph include:
– skeletal muscle contraction
– breathing movements
– contraction of smooth muscle
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There is no heart pumping the
lymph around our body
movements are the driving
force
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C. A condition that interferes with the flow in
lymph will result in edema, or swelling.
(During surgery, lymphatic vessels or tissues
may be removed or disturbed, resulting in
edema. )
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 Lymph Nodes
A. Afferent lymphatic vessels- (think arriving)
entering on the one side of the node bringing
lymph in.
Efferent lymphatic vessels- (think exiting)
attach to the indented hilum and lymph leaves
this way
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B. Located through out the body and named for
body regions they are associated with:
(Peyer’s
Patches)
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C. Functions of lymph nodes include:
filtering and monitoring lymph before
returning it to the blood stream. Cells
involved are:
• Lymphocytes- WBCs that attack specific
invading pathogens.
• Macrophages- large WBCs that engulf and
destroy foreign substances, damaged cells,
and debris.
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 A. Large organs of the Lymphatic system:
Thymus and Spleen
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B. Thymus Gland
A gland located posterior to the sternum.
• Contains lymphocytes.
• Releases T-Cells that provide immunity
once mature.
• Secretes hormones that cause T-Cells to
mature.
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C. Spleen-An organ lying posterior and
lateral to the stomach.
• Contains white pulp, which is similar to
lymph nodes and has many lymphocytes
(WBCs).
• Contains red pulp that surrounds veins to
help filter blood and lymph. Has numerous
red blood cells, lymphocytes, and
macrophages.
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What does the spleen do?
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aEi_4Cy
x4Uw
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stop
Curing HIV?!
http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/03/04/1
73258954/scientists-report-first-cure-of-hivin-a-child-say-its-a-game-changer?sc=emaf
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Lymphatic Filariasis
• http://www.animalplanet.com/tvshows/monsters-inside-me/videos/the-40year-parasite/
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 Body Defenses Against Infection
Pathogens are disease-causing agents that can
produce infections within the body.
The body has two types of defense against
pathogens:
• Nonspecific/innate defenses that guard against
any pathogen
• Specific defenses (Immunity) that mount a
response against a very specific target.
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 Nonspecific Defenses
A. Mechanical Barriers (1st line of defense)
Physical barriers like skin, hair and mucous
membranes prevent pathogens from
entering the body.
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B. Chemical Barriers
(2nd line of defense)
Chemicals in and on the body destroy or inhibit
pathogens (exp. Sweat, tears, oil, gastric juice).
• Interferons- are chemicals within cells that are
released when a cell becomes infected by a
pathogen. Interferons warn non-infected cells,
promote resistance, and help prevent viral
replication.
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C. Species Resistance (2nd line of defense)
A species may be resistant to diseases that
affect other species because it has a unique
chemical environment or temperature that
fails to provide the right conditions for a
pathogen.
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D. Fever
(2nd line of defense)
Your body produces a fever to:
• Reduce the amount of iron in blood
• Slow bacterial growth.
• Increase the activity of
phagocytic cells.
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E. Inflammation
1.
(2nd line of defense)
Inflammation, a tissue response to a
pathogen, is characterized by redness,
swelling, heat, and pain due to:
• dilation of blood vessels
• increase blood flow to the area
• invasion of white blood cells into the area
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F. Phagocytosis
1.
(2nd line of defense)
The most active phagocytes are
neutrophils and monocytes; these
leave the bloodstream at areas of
injury.
• Neutrophils engulf smaller particles
• Monocytes attack larger particles.
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Which innate defenses are 1st line
nd
of defense vs. 2 line of defense?
• First line prevent entry
• Second line defense occur onces a pathogen
has entered the body.
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What are interferons?
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 Specific Defenses (Immunity)
A. The body’s 3rd line of defense is adaptive,
specific immunity. This refers to the response
mounted by the body against specific foreign
antigens recognized in the body.
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 Specific Defenses
Antigen Recognition
Antigens are proteins on the cell membrane
surface, they are like name tags that label
cells
as
“SELF”
or
“Non-Self”.
Lymphocytes develop receptors to identify
non-self antigens.
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 Specific Defenses
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Lymphocytes
T-Cells- mature in the Thymus
B-Cells -produced in bone marrow
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Lymphocyte Information
•
•
•
•
Reading volunteers, at least 6!
Circle key terms
Underline main ideas
Summarize the reading in 2-4 sentences
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B –Lymphocytes
aka B-Cells
• These produce lots of antibodies against
specific antigens.
• The antibodies travel to the blood, lymph,
lining of intestines and lungs.
• Antibodies stay in the blood but eventually
their numbers go down too.
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Types of T Lymphocytes:
• Helper T Cells- Activated when in contact with
foreign antigens, then stimulate B cells to make
antibodies and activate other T cells.
• Cytotoxic T-Cells-recognize and eliminate cancer
cells and virally infected cells.
• Memory Cells -These
cells
respond
to
subsequent (additional exposures in the future)
exposure to pathogens and divide to become
cytotoxic T-cells and helper T cells.
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stop
• Cells
• http://www.dnatube.com/video/194/Specific
-Adaptive-immunity-humoral-and-cellmediated
• Antibodies
• http://www.dnatube.com/video/1516/Roleof-antibodies-in-specific-immunity
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Immunity
• What does it mean to be immune to
a pathogen???
• You have biological defenses
against a pathogen, antibodies.
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Lymphocytes Function Review :
• Helper T Cells• Cytotoxic T-Cells
• Memory Cells
• B Cells
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Types of T Lymphocytes:
• Helper T Cells- Activated when in contact with
foreign antigens, then stimulate B cells to make
antibodies and activate other T cells.
• Cytotoxic T-Cells-recognize and eliminate cancer
cells and virally infected cells.
• Memory Cells -These
cells
respond
to
subsequent (additional exposures in the future)
exposure to pathogens and divide to become
cytotoxic T-cells and helper T cells.
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Immune Response to Strep
• https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=vid
eo+on+antibody+production+by+the+immu
ne+system&&view=detail&mid=F2CD02E
20D5C4168E267F2CD02E20D5C4168E26
7&FORM=VRDGAR
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Types of Active immunity
• Remember: Lymphocytes are activated by
foreign antigens on the surface of pathogens.
• Natural active immunity - immunity develops
due to an actual infection by a pathogen
causing the production of antibodies.
• Artificial active immunity – immunity
develops after an individual is given a
vaccination.
• Both of these cause you to produce your own
antibodies against the pathogen.
Vaccination
A preparation containing “antigenic “
material that stimulates a cellular immune
response. It can be:
• Whole microorganism
• Attenuated (harmless) microorganism
• Proteins from a pathogen
• Genetically modified organism or protein
Passive Immunity
Natural passive immunity
• A mother’s antibodies pass across the
placenta to the fetus and remain for several
months.
• Breast milk, contains lots of antibiodies
which remain on surface of the baby’s
intestinal wall and pass into blood
Passive Immunity
• Artificially acquired passive immunity
is a short-term immunization achieved
by the transfer of antibodies, for
example human blood plasma is
transfused.
Summarize the differences
between:
• Active and passive immunity….
• Artificial and natural immunity….
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In terms of immunity, why do our
bodies reject transplanted organs
and tissues?
• The recipient’s immune system recognize
the antigens on the donor organ as foreign.
• Immunosuppressive drugs interfere with the
recipient’s immune system by reducing the
formation of antibodies or T cell
production.
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Allergies
• When the immune system responds to harmless
antigens, called allergens.
• Allergens – antigenic substances which do no real
harm
• Allergens include: foods, house dust, animal skin,
pollen, house dust mite and its feeces
Allergies
• The immune system produces proteins IgE
antibodies against allergens.
Which cells of the immune system produce
antibodies?????
• In an allergic reaction the immune system
makes antibodies that identify an allergen as
something harmful, even though it isn't.
Allergies
• Exposure to specific allergens causes the release of
histamines.
• Histamine causes blood vessels to widen and
become leaky.
• Fluid and white blood cells leave capillaries.
• The area of leakage becomes hot, red and inflamed
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Autoimmunity
Autoimmune disorders occur when the immune
system manufactures antibodies against its own
antigens. SELF ATTACK! (auto-self)
Autoantibodies-attack “self” tissues!
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Autoimmunity
• These may result from viral infection, faulty T cell
development, or reaction to a non-self antigen that
bears close resemblance to a self antigen.
• Example Diseases:
– Lupus, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid
arthritis, Type 1 diabetes, celiac
disease, Grave’s disease.
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