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The Roman Republic Today’s Goal • Describe the origins, development, and characteristics of the Roman Republic LIVY, The Early History of Rome “Not without reason did gods and men choose this spot for the site of our city – the [salubrious] hills, the river to bring us produce from the inland regions and sea-borne commerce from abroad, the sea itself, near enough for convenience yet not so near as to bring danger from foreign fleets, our situation in the very heart of Italy – all these advantages make it of all places in the world the best for a city destined to grow great." Geography & Location • Central peninsula of Mediterranean Sea – Island of Sicily • Fertile land! • Tiber River Legendary Origins • Romulus & Remus Legendary Origins • Told in Virgil’s Aeneid – Links the founding of Rome to the Trojan warrior Aeneas who flees from a burning Troy Historical Origins of Rome • Latins – Palatine Hill • Greeks – Mythology – Writing • Etruscans – Metalwork – Sculpture – Road building – Arch Examples of Etruscan art Note the Greek alphabet Romans borrowed Etruscan building techniques. The Last Monarch • King Tarquinius Superbus = Tarquin the Proud • Tyrant driven from power • res republica (“public affairs”) Republic Conflict of the Orders • Senatus Populusque Romanus = “Senate and the Roman People” • Patricians - Wealthy landowners - Most power • Plebeians - Commoners - Most of population Conflict of the Orders • Tribunes = elected to protect rights of plebeians • Twelve Tables written law code • Citizenship = all adult male landowners Twelve Tables (excerpts) • If a thief was a freeman, he was flogged & handed to person from whom he stole to repay the damage • If a thief were a slave, flogged then thrown to his death off the Tarpeian Rock (cliff) • No burials or cremations within city walls • Maintenance of roads was responsibility of property owner • Marriage between plebeians and patricians no longer forbidden • Permitted to remove branch from neighbor’s tree if overhung into one’s property • Theft of crops was death penalty by clubbing • For slander there was death penalty by clubbing • Levels of punishment varied by status of person • Laws distinguished between intentional and accidental killing • Father had right to kill his deformed child Roman Forum Public meeting place and the heart of Roman political life Limited power Veto each other 1 year term (once/10 years) Commanded Army Two Consuls Gov’t of Roman Republic Foreign, financial policies Elected for life Senate (Curiae)– Gov’t of Roman Republic 300 members Patricians & plebeians Advises consuls Gov’t of Roman Republic Selects consuls, makes laws Centuriate Assembly – both patricians & plebeians Citizensoldiers elected for life Gov’t of Roman Republic Tribal Assembly Elects tribunes, makes laws Citizens elected yearly Dictator – Elected in times of crisis Command Army Chosen by consuls for 6 mo. term Gov’t of Roman Republic Absolute power to make laws Magistrates • 8 praetors – judges • 2 censors – census of citizens, tax assessments • 4 aediles - supervised public places, public games, and the grain supply Appian Way Rome’s Balanced Government Consuls = a monarchy + Assemblies = a democracy + Senate = an aristocracy = Rome’s balanced government Roman Army • All land-owning citizens required to serve • Legions = large military units of ~6,000 infantry - Supported by cavalry (equites) • Centuries = smaller units of 100 infantry – 60 centuries make up a legion Typical Formation of Legions Family Life in the Roman Republic • Pater familias – led religious ceremonies, total life and death authority • Women had no legal protection • Children obeyed authority • Slaves were treated well Life in Roman Republic • The Roman villa – Countryside – Hypocaust (“heat from below”) – Atriums, garden – Al fresco dining • The uncomfortable toga. • Easy to make – no sewing – no buttonholes • Large wool blanket 18 X 7 ft. • Symbol of Roman citizenship • Young boy wore a white toga with a purple band around the border • Age 16 a boy and his family would go to the forum where he would register as a full citizen and wear a white toga • The toga was worn at the theater, in court, for religious ceremonies, and on any formal occasion • At death, his body is wrapped in a toga, marking him as a Roman citizen Rome Gains Control of Italy • Romans defeat Etruscans & Latins • Samnite Wars – gained central Italy • Romans vs. Greeks - Pyrrhus (king of Epirus) – “Pyrrhic victory” - Rome defeats Greeks Treatment of Conquered Territory • Nearby Latins = full citizens of Rome • Farther territories = rights of citizenship except the vote • Allies of Rome = freedom to go about their business, BUT supplied troops, could not make treaties Punic Wars - Rome v. Carthage, 264146 BC • 1st Punic War – Rome beats Carthage, gains Sicily • 2nd Punic War – Hannibal of Carthage marches through Spain, Alps to attack Rome – Would Roman allies defect? NO • 3rd Punic War – Roman general Scipio – Hannibal defeated in N. Africa – Carthage burned The Corvus (Latin for “raven” or “crow”) • Crane/plank on a Roman ship that turned naval battle into a land battle Rome dominates Mediterranean by 70 BC • East – conquered Macedonia, Greece, & Anatolia • West – as far as Spain • Republic dominates the . . . “known world”