Download Glencoe Biology

Genetics and Biotechnology
Section 1: Applied Genetics
Section 2: DNA Technology
Section 3: The Human Genome
Click on a lesson name to select.
Section 1
Genetics and Biotechnology
Applied Genetics
I. Breeding Types
A. Selective Breeding
 The process by which desired traits of certain plants
and animals are selected and passed on to their
future generations is called selective breeding.
Section 1
Genetics and Biotechnology
Applied Genetics
B. Hybridization (mixing traits)
 Hybrid organisms can be bred to be more
disease-resistant, to produce more offspring,
or to grow faster.
 A disadvantage of hybridization is that it is
time consuming and expensive.
Section 1
Genetics and Biotechnology
Applied Genetics
C. Inbreeding
 The process in which two closely related
organisms are bred to have the desired traits
and to eliminate the undesired ones in future
generations
 Pure breeds are maintained by inbreeding.
 A disadvantage of inbreeding is that harmful
recessive traits also can be passed on to
future generations.
Section 1
Genetics and Biotechnology
Applied Genetics
II. Test Cross
 A test cross involves
breeding an organism
that has the unknown
genotype with one that is
homozygous recessive
for the desired trait.
Chapter
Genetics and Biotechnology
Section 1 Formative
Questions
Which term explains how humans have been
able to produce a wide variety of domestic
cats?
A. homogenization
B. inbreeding
C. selective breeding
D. test crossing
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Genetics and Biotechnology
Section 1 Formative
Questions
A new breed of cattle has been developed by crossing
English Shorthorn cattle, which provide good beef but
cannot withstand hot environments, and Brahman cattle
from India that have a high heat tolerance but produce
poor beef. The new breed, Santa Gertrudis, produces
excellent beef and can live in hot environments. Which
1.
A
term describes Santa Gertrudis cattle?
A.
B.
C.
D.
cross breed
hybrid
outbred
purebred
2.
3.
4.
B
C
D
Chapter
Genetics and Biotechnology
Section 1 Formative
Questions
Harmful recessive traits can be passed
through generations of purebred animals
as a result of _______.
A. hybridization
B. inbreeding
C. line breeding
D. out crossing
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Genetics and Biotechnology
Section 1 Formative
Questions
Once a tomato grower observes the desired trait in
her tomato plants, she decides to perform a test
cross. What is the purpose for doing the test cross?
A. to determine if the trait is dominant or recessive
B. to determine the phenotype of the plants
C. to determine if the plants carry beneficial
1. recessive
A
2.
B
alleles
3.
C
D. to determine if the plants are homozygous
4. dominant
D
or heterozygous
Section 2
Genetics and Biotechnology
DNA Technology
I. Genetic Engineering
 Technology that involves manipulating
the DNA of one organism in order to insert
the DNA of another organism, called
exogenous DNA.
Section 2
Genetics and Biotechnology
DNA Technology
 Genetically engineered organisms are used
 to study the expression of a particular gene.
 to investigate cellular
processes.
 to study the
development of a
certain disease.
Genetically engineered bollworm
 to select traits that might
be beneficial to humans.
Section 2
Genetics and Biotechnology
DNA Technology
II. DNA Tools
 An organism’s genome is the total DNA in
the nucleus of each cell.
 DNA tools can be used to manipulate DNA
and to isolate genes from the rest of the
genome.
Section 2
Genetics and Biotechnology
DNA Technology
 A. Restriction enzymes recognize and bind to
specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA
within the sequence. (cut specific parts of DNA
strand)
 Scientists use restriction enzymes as powerful
tools for isolating specific genes or regions of
the genome.
Section 2
Genetics and Biotechnology
DNA Technology
 Examples:
 1. EcoRI specifically cuts
DNA containing the
sequence GAATTC.
 The ends of the DNA
fragments, called sticky
ends, contain singlestranded DNA that is
complementary.
Section 2
Genetics and Biotechnology
DNA Technology
 B. gel electrophoresis An electric current is used
to separate DNA fragments according to the size
of the fragments in a process.
 When an electric current is applied, the DNA
fragments move toward the positive end of the gel.
 The smaller fragments move farther faster than
the larger ones.
 The unique pattern created based on the size of
the DNA fragment can be compared to known
DNA fragments for identification.
Section 2
Genetics and Biotechnology
DNA Technology
 C. recombinant DNA -The newly generated DNA
molecule with DNA from different sources
Section 2
Genetics and Biotechnology
DNA Technology
 C. Recombinant DNA continued…(Types)
 Transformation- large quantity of recombinant plasmid
DNA, bacterial cells are mixed with recombinant plasmid
Section 2
Genetics and Biotechnology
DNA Technology
 2.Cloning
 Large numbers of identical bacteria, each
containing the inserted DNA molecules
Section 2
Genetics and Biotechnology
DNA Technology
 D. DNA Polymerase (adds bases for copying)
 Turns small amounts of DNA into larger recognizable
strands
Section 2
Genetics and Biotechnology
DNA Technology
 Each nucleotide is
tagged with a
different color of
fluorescent dye.
 Every time a
modified
fluorescent-tagged
nucleotide is
incorporated into the newly synthesized strand,
the reaction stops.
Section 2
Genetics and Biotechnology
DNA Technology
 The sequencing reaction is complete when the tagged
DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis.
Section 2
Genetics and Biotechnology
DNA Technology
 E. A technique called the polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) can be used to make millions
of copies of a specific region of a DNA
fragment.
Section 2
Genetics and Biotechnology
DNA Technology
Section 2
Genetics and Biotechnology
DNA Technology
III. Biotechnology
 Organisms, genetically engineered by inserting
a gene from another organism, are called
transgenic organisms.
Section 2
Genetics and Biotechnology
DNA Technology
A. Transgenic Animals
 Scientists produce most transgenic animals
in laboratories for biological research.
 Mice, fruit flies, and the roundworm
Caenorhabditis elegans
Section 2
Genetics and Biotechnology
DNA Technology
B. Transgenic Plants
 Genetically engineered cotton resists insect
infestation.
 Sweet-potato plants are resistant to a virus
that could kill most of the African harvest.
 Rice plants with increased iron and vitamins
could decrease malnutrition.
Gene Splicing
Chapter
Genetics and Biotechnology
Section 2 Formative
Questions
What is the name for the technology that
involves inserting the genes of one organism
into the DNA of another organism?
A. bioengineering
B. cloning
C. genetic engineering
D. transgenics
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Genetics and Biotechnology
Section 2 Formative
Questions
Which type of protein can recognize specific
DNA sequences and cleave the DNA within
that sequence?
A. DNA ligase
B. polymerase
C. restriction enzyme
D. transcriptase
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Genetics and Biotechnology
Section 2 Formative
Questions
Which process separates DNA fragments
according to size and has many applications
in genetic engineering and biotechnology?
A. DNA fragmentation
B. gel electrophoresis
C. transgenic cloning
D. polymerase chain reaction
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Genetics and Biotechnology
Section 2 Formative
Questions
A DNA molecule that has had genes from
another organism inserted into it is called
_______.
A. complementary DNA
B. exogenous DNA
C. genomic DNA
D. recombinant DNA
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Genetics and Biotechnology
Section 2 Formative
Questions
Why is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) one of the
most powerful tools used by scientists?
A. It can be used to identify errors in DNA sequences and predict
the function of genes.
B. It can detect a single DNA molecule in a sample and
make millions of copies of it.
C. It creates large amounts of recombinant DNA in1.genetically
A
engineered organisms.
2.
B
3. join
C with
D. It creates DNA fragments with sticky ends that can
4.
D
other DNA fragments.
Section 3
Genetics and Biotechnology
The Human Genome
I. The Human Genome Project
 The goal of the Human Genome Project
(HGP) was to determine the sequence of the
approximately three billion nucleotides that
make up human DNA and to identify all of the
approximately 20,000–25,000 human genes.
Section 3
Genetics and Biotechnology
The Human Genome
A. Sequencing the Genome (process)
 Each of the 46 human chromosomes was
cleaved.
 These fragments were combined with vectors
to create recombinant DNA, cloned to make
many copies, and sequenced using automated
sequencing machines.
 Computers analyzed the overlapping regions
to generate one continuous sequence.
Section 3
Genetics and Biotechnology
The Human Genome
 Decoding the
sequence of the
human genome can
be compared to
reading a book that was printed in code.
Section 3
Genetics and Biotechnology
The Human Genome
 B. Results
 Less than two percent of all of the
nucleotides in the human genome code for
all the proteins in the body.
 The genome is filled with long stretches of
repeated sequences that have no direct
function.
 These regions are called noncoding
sequences.
Section 3
Genetics and Biotechnology
The Human Genome
II. DNA Fingerprinting
 Protein-coding regions of DNA are almost
identical among individuals.
 The long stretches of noncoding regions of
DNA are unique to each individual.
 DNA fingerprinting involves separating these
DNA fragments to observe the distinct banding
patterns that are unique to every individual.
Section 3
Genetics and Biotechnology
The Human Genome
III. Bioinformatics
 Creating and maintaining databases of
biological information
 Finding genes in DNA sequences of various
organisms and developing methods to predict
the structure and function of newly discovered
proteins
Section 3
Genetics and Biotechnology
The Human Genome
IV. DNA Microarrays
 Tiny microscope slides or silicon chips that
are spotted with DNA fragments
 Help researchers determine whether the
expression of certain genes is caused by
genetic factors or environmental factors.
Section 3
Genetics and Biotechnology
The Human Genome
 V. SNPs
 Variations in the DNA sequence that occur
when a single nucleotide in the genome is
altered are called single nucleotide
polymorphisms or SNPs.
Section 3
Genetics and Biotechnology
The Human Genome
 VI.
 Regions of linked
variations in the human
genome are known as
haplotypes.
 Assembling the HapMap
involves identifying
groups of SNPs in a
specific region of DNA.
Section 3
Genetics and Biotechnology
The Human Genome
 The HapMap will
enable geneticists
to take advantage of
how SNPs and other
genetic variations
are organized on
chromosomes.
Section 3
Genetics and Biotechnology
The Human Genome
 VII. Pharmacogenomics
 The study of how genetic inheritance
affects the body’s response to drugs is
called pharmacogenomics.
 The benefits of pharmacogenomics include
more accurate dosing of drugs that are safer
and more specific.
Section 3
Genetics and Biotechnology
The Human Genome
 A. gene therapy
 A technique aimed at correcting mutated genes
 Scientists insert a normal
gene into a chromosome
to replace a dysfunctional
gene.
 B. Genomics is the study of an organism’s
genome.
Section 3
Genetics and Biotechnology
The Human Genome
 Genes are the primary information storage
units, whereas proteins are the machines of
a cell.
Section 3
Genetics and Biotechnology
The Human Genome
 C. Proteomics
 The large-scale study and cataloging of the
structure and function of proteins
Chapter
Genetics and Biotechnology
Section 3 Formative
Questions
The task of sequencing the entire DNA in
human cells has been completed.
A. True
B. False
1. A
2. B
Chapter
Genetics and Biotechnology
Section 3 Formative
Questions
Which sections of human DNA are unique to
every individual?
A.
B.
C.
D.
the noncoding sequences
the regions that code for proteins
the sections that contain genes 1.
the genes that code for fingerprints2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Genetics and Biotechnology
Section 3 Formative
Questions
Which field of study involves the careful
storage, organization and indexing of data
on DNA sequences?
A. algorithms
B. bioanalysis
C. bioinformatics
D. microarray analysis
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Genetics and Biotechnology
Section 3 Formative
Questions
If the genome represents the words in a
dictionary, then the definition and usage of
those words is represented by the _______.
A. haplotype
B. chromosome
C. DNA
D. proteome
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Which statement is not true of hybridization?
A. It is relatively inexpensive to perform.
B. It produces offspring with specific traits.
C. It crosses a parent organism with different
forms of a trait.
1.
A
2.
B
D. It can take a long time to be successful.
3.
C
4.
D
Chapter
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Name the process that scientists use to
separate DNA fragments according to size.
A. genetic engineering
B. gel electrophoresis
C. cleaving
D. selective breeding
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Select the process in which one type of
bacterium takes up the DNA from another
type of bacterium.
A. cloning
B. sequencing
C. transformation
D. manipulation
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter Assessment
Questions
Look at the following image. These are
the results of what process?
Answer: a test cross
Chapter
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter Assessment
Questions
What is the role of
the molecule shown
in DNA cloning?
A. to carry the foreign
DNA into the host cell
B. to identify the source
of DNA as foreign
C. to identify the host cell that has
taken up the gene of interest
D. to make the foreign DNA
susceptible to digestion with
enzymes
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter Assessment
Questions
What is the genotypic ratio of the
offspring in the cross to the right?
A. 1:2:1
B. 1:1
C. All are homozygous recessive.
D. All are heterozygous.
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Genetics and Biotechnology
Standardized Test
Practice
A person wishes to raise guinea pigs with black fur,
the dominant trait. She selects a male black guinea
pig and performs a test cross with a female that has
white fur, the recessive trait. What is the black guinea
pig’s genotype if any of the offspring are white?
A. BB
B. Bb
C. bb
D. bW
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Genetics and Biotechnology
Standardized Test
Practice
How do researchers distinguish
between the bacterial cells that
contain the recombinant DNA
and those that do not?
A. They observe the two types of cells under a microscope.
B. They tag the recombinant DNA with fluorescent dye.
A
C. They use an antibiotic to kill the cells that do 1.not contain
2.
B
recombinant DNA.
3.
C
D. They use gel electrophoresis to separate the4.cellsD
containing recombinant DNA.
Chapter
Genetics and Biotechnology
Standardized Test
Practice
Which is not yet a use for transgenic organisms?
A. animals that can produce organs for organ
transplants
B. animals that can secrete enzymes that are useful to
humans
1.
A
2. garbage
B
C. bacteria that can decompose oil spills and
D. plants that are resistant to insects and
3.
C
4.
D
viruses
Chapter
Genetics and Biotechnology
Standardized Test
Practice
Which transgenic species could pose a potential
threat to other organisms?
A. bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics
B. chickens and turkeys that are resistant to diseases
C. cotton that is resistant to herbicides and1. infection
A
2.
B
D. goats that secrete a protein used to prevent
human
3.
C
blood from forming clots
4.
D
Chapter
Genetics and Biotechnology
Standardized Test
Practice
Why has the Food and Drug Administration halted clinical
trials using gene therapy?
A. The clinical trials affect the body’s response to
drugs.
B. There is a risk of producing a transgenic human.
C. Inserting genes is done by a virus that infects
1.
A
2.
B
the patient’s cells.
3.
C
D. Doctors are able to take advantage of genetic
4.
D
variations on chromosomes.
Chapter
Genetics and Biotechnology
Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Chapter
Genetics and Biotechnology
Image Bank
Section 1
Genetics and Biotechnology
Vocabulary
Section 1
selective breeding
inbreeding
test cross
Section 2
Genetics and Biotechnology
Vocabulary
Section 2
genetic engineering
transformation
genome
cloning
restriction enzyme
polymerase chain
gel electrophoresis
recombinant DNA
plasmid
DNA ligase
reaction
transgenic organism
Section 3
Genetics and Biotechnology
Vocabulary
Section 3
DNA fingerprinting
gene therapy
bioinformatics
genomics
DNA microarray
proteomics
single nucleotide
polymorphism
haplotype
pharmacogenomics
Chapter
Genetics and Biotechnology
Animation
 Restriction Digest
 PCR Analysis
 Visualizing Microarray Analysis
Chapter
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter
Genetics and Biotechnology