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Section 1. Overview of Climate Change and Forest Carbon 1.3. Role of forest carbon and forests in global climate negotiations USAID LEAF Regional Climate Change Curriculum Development Module: Carbon Measurement and Monitoring (CMM) Name Affiliation Name Affiliation Deborah Lawrence, Co-lead University of Virginia Megan McGroddy, Co-lead University of Virginia Bui The Doi, Co-lead Vietnam Forestry University Ahmad Ainuddin Nuruddin Universiti Putra Malaysia Prasit Wang, Co-lead Chiang Mai University, Thailand Mohd Nizam Said Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Sapit Diloksumpun Kasetsart University, Thailand Pimonrat Tiansawat Chiang Mai University, Thailand Pasuta Sunthornhao Kasetsart University, Thailand Panitnard Tunjai Chiang Mai University, Thailand Wathinee Suanpaga Kasetsart University, Thailand Lawong Balun University of Papua New Guinea Jessada Phattralerphong Kasetsart University, Thailand Mex Memisang Peki PNG University of Technology Pham Minh Toai Vietnam Forestry University Kim Soben Royal University of Agriculture, Cambodia Nguyen The Dzung Vietnam Forestry University Pheng Sokline Royal University of Phnom Penh, Cambodia Nguyen Hai Hoa Vietnam Forestry University Seak Sophat Royal University of Phnom Penh, Cambodia Le Xuan Truong Vietnam Forestry University Choeun Kimseng Royal University of Phnom Penh, Cambodia Phan Thi Quynh Nga Vinh University, Vietnam Rajendra Shrestha Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand Erin Swails Winrock International Ismail Parlan FRIM Malaysia Sarah Walker Winrock International Nur Hajar Zamah Shari FRIM Malaysia Sandra Brown Winrock International Samsudin Musa FRIM Malaysia Karen Vandecar US Forest Service Ly Thi Minh Hai USAID LEAF Vietnam Geoffrey Blate US Forest Service David Ganz USAID LEAF Bangkok Chi Pham USAID LEAF Bangkok I II III OVERVIEW: CLIMATE CHANGE AND FOREST CARBON 1.1 Overview: Tropical Forests and Climate Change 1.2 Tropical forests, the global carbon cycle and climate change 1.3 Role of forest carbon and forests in global climate negotiations 1.4 Theoretical and practical challenges for forest-based climate mitigation FOREST CARBON STOCKS AND CHANGE 2.1 Overview of forest carbon pools (stocks) 2.2 Land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) and CO2 emissions and sequestration 2.3 Overview of Forest Carbon Measurement and Monitoring 2.4 IPCC approach for carbon measurement and monitoring 2.5 Reference levels – Monitoring against a baseline (forest area, forest emissions) 2.6 Establishing Lam Dong’s Reference Level for Provincial REDD+ Action Plan : A Case Study CARBON MEASUREMENT AND MONITORING DESIGN 3.1 IV V Considerations in developing a monitoring system CARBON STOCK MEASUREMENT METHODS 4.1 Forest Carbon Measurement and Monitoring 4.2 Design of field sampling framework for carbon stock inventory 4.3 Plot Design for Carbon Stock Inventory 4.4 Forest Carbon Field Measurement Methods 4.5 Carbon Stock Calculations and Available Tools 4.6 Creating Activity Data and Emission Factors 4.7 Carbon Emission from Selective Logging 4.8 Monitoring non-CO2 GHGs NATIONAL SCALE MONITORING SYSTEMS At the end of this session, learners will be able to: Determine the essential steps for including forests in the international climate negotiations Analyze how afforestation/reforestation (A/R) evolved into RED and then REDD+ Investigate the current issues in REDD+ negotiations Evaluate the environmental, social, and political factors influencing the adoption of REDD+ Lecture (60 minutes) How has forest carbon been incorporated into action on global climate? What were the major steps? How did A/R become RED and then REDD+? What is the current status of REDD+? Why is forest-based mitigation promising—environmentally, socially, and politically? Pre-lecture assignment (two options, 60 minutes) 4 classroom activities, 3 background readings Reference website Have students read all of Tracing the official role of forests in the international climate negotiations Have students create a time line for the inclusion of forests in the negotiations, note the Name of text Year of text Treatment of forests Divide the class into groups of seven students Each student will be assigned one of the seven texts to present to their group Before class, or in class, break into groups and have each student present Date Major decision taken Which countries are affected How is forest/land use change treated How has forest carbon been incorporated into action on global climate? What were the major steps? How did afforestation/reforestation (A/R) become RED and then REDD+? What is the current status of REDD+? Why is forest-based mitigation promising— environmentally, socially, and politically? • • • History of UNFCCC Including forests Mitigation and other benefits Who were the big emitters? Who were the big emitters? • • • History of UNFCCC Including forests Mitigation and other benefits What were the major drivers of GHG emissions? • • • History of UNFCCC Including forests Mitigation and other benefits What are the major drivers of GHG emissions? What are the major Note: in 1992, deforestation was 20-25%drivers of total GHG of GHG emissions emissions? Note: in 1992, deforestation was 20-25% of total GHG emissions • • • History of UNFCCC Including forests Mitigation and other benefits Goal: “…stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.” • • • History of UNFCCC Including forests Mitigation and other benefits Principle: “…common but differentiated responsibilities” Developed and developing nations have different obligations • • • History of UNFCCC Including forests Mitigation and other benefits Context: global emissions growing Fraction of global emissions due to tropical deforestation still high Key points Formal agreement Annex I vs non-Annex I • • • History of UNFCCC Including forests Mitigation and other benefits Demonstrate the use of WRI’s Data Explorer at this web page: http://cait2.wri.org Divide the class into groups (at least 4) Have groups identify top 5 emitters (countries) at say 3 or 4 times by key events (e.g., pre- Kyoto, time of signing Kyoto, Bali Action Plan, and Copenhagen). Have groups identify top emitters by total GHG emissions including LULUCF vs. excluding LULUCF; only CO2 vs. all GHG emissions; total emissions vs. on a per capita basis. Have groups compare results and discuss. Annex I (developed) countries Article 2 “shall: ….Implement and/or further elaborate policies and measures in accordance with its national circumstances, such as: … (ii) Protection and enhancement of sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases … promotion of sustainable forest management practices, afforestation and reforestation; • • • History of UNFCCC Including forests Mitigation and other benefits Annex I countries Article 3: Net emissions from deforestation shall be included in the calculation of the 1990 baseline emissions • • • History of UNFCCC Including forests Mitigation and other benefits • • • History of UNFCCC Including forests Mitigation and other benefits 1. The Bali Action Plan Decision 1/CP13 Para 1 (b) (iii) “Policy approaches and positive incentives on issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries; and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries” • • • History of UNFCCC Including forests Mitigation and other benefits There were five main issues, which remain contentious: 1. Scope – what should be included in the definition of REDD 2. Measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) 3. The rights of indigenous people 4. Financing options 5. Institutional arrangements – whether REDD activities were considered National or project level activities. First time that developing countries made official commitments Agree that the goal is to limit warming to < 2° C Developed countries commit up to US$ 30 billion for adaptation and mitigation for the period 2010-2012 Copenhagen Green Climate Fund established to support mitigation projects in developing countries 1. Requests developing country Parties, … (a) To identify drivers of deforestation and forest degradation resulting in emissions and also the means to address these; (b) To identify activities within the country that result in reduced emissions and increased removals, and stabilization of forest carbon stocks; (c) To use the most recent IPCC guidance and guidelines, … as a basis for estimating anthropogenic forest-related greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks, forest carbon stocks and forest area changes; (d) To establish, according to national circumstances and capabilities, robust and transparent national forest monitoring systems … Annex I countries commit to emissions targets by 2020 Non Annex I countries will implement mitigation actions including national inventories Included enhancing and maintaining carbon stocks (the “+” in REDD+) Conversation evolved from ‘what is included’ to ‘methods’ to ‘safeguards’ Forest discussions often paved the way for discussions of the entire forum, for example on MRV, role of markets Concept map of developments, not just time but key issues: Scope – what should be included in the definition of REDD Measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) Safeguards The rights of indigenous people Biodiversity and natural forests Financing options Institutional arrangements – whether REDD activities were considered National or project level activities. Scientists say: Stay below 450 ppm Already hit 400 in 2013 • • • History of UNFCCC Including forests Mitigation and other benefits 4/29/13 stabilization-wedges.jpg (1116×1097) • • • History of UNFCCC Including forests Mitigation and other benefits Avoided deforestation Avoided degradation Conservation of forest carbon stocks Enhancement of forest carbon stocks Sustainable management of forests • • • History of UNFCCC Including forests Mitigation and other benefits Developing nations transition to low emission development without losing all forest Developed nations obtain offsets to ease transition to new energy economy Buy in from all parties to the whole process Kyoto: JI and CDM UNFCCC: REDD+ Voluntary Carbon Market (corporate social responsibility) European Trading System State-level actions in USA Are there extra benefits to forest mitigation? These are co-benefits Plus: Enforcement of current laws New forest policy Good governance Transparency Equity Biodiversity conservation Land tenure reform Water management Human right SBSTA Subsidiary body for scientific and technical advice (this is where REDD started in 2005) World Bank Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (informal conversations about how to implement REDD+) UNREDD (like World Bank group, above) Bilateral agreements (Norway) Since Kyoto the discussion of the role of forests in tropical countries in GHG emissions has evolved from a focus on reforestation to preventing deforestation and forest degradation as well as improving forest C pools (REDD+) Reducing emissions from LULUCF in the tropics alone will not resolve the problem of anthropogenic climate change but it is one part of the solution and the payment mechanisms set up allow both developed and developing countries to participate The conditions necessary for REDD+ to succeed (Tranparency, Good governance, Equity etc) are all cobenefits as well Eliash Review. 2008. Climate Change: Financing Global Forests Korhonen- Kuhki et al. 2012.Multiple levels and multiple challenges for REDD+ In Analyzing REDD+ Challenges and Choices .Angelsen, A., Brockhaus, M., Sunderlin, W.D. and Verchot, L.V. (eds) CIFOR Bogor Indonesia Kholloway, V. and E. Giandomenico 2009. Carbon Planet White Paper. The History of REDD Policy. Carbon Planet Limited Adelaide SA Dickson et al. UN-REDD Programme Policy Brief REDD+ Beyond Carbon: Supporting Decisions on Safeguards and Multiple Benefits Pacala, S. and R. Sokolow. 2004. Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next 50 Years with Current Technologies. Science, Vol. 305: 968–972. Paz- Rivera 2011. REDD+ negotiations and key milestones from Cancun to Durban Palmer , C. 2011. Property rights and liability for deforestation under REDD+: Implications for ‘permanence’ in policy design. Ecological Economics 70 : 571– 576 Have students read Carbon Planet White Paper - The History of REDD Policy Describe the critical issues facing Copenhagen (COP 15) How were they resolved at COP 15? What has changed since COP 15? Follow up with Clea Paz’ UNREDD discussion of path from Cancun to Durban