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FAPESP RESEARCH PROGRAM on GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE THE ROLE OF RIVERS ON THE REGIONAL CARBON CYCLE Reynaldo Luiz Victoria Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (Cena), University of São Paulo (USP) FAPESP Process 2008/58089-9 Term: Jun 2009 to May 2013 Contact: Av. Centenario, 303, CEP 13416-000, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil +55-19-3429-4078 [email protected] Collaborating institutions: Embrapa Pantanal, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa); Emilio Goeldi Museum, PA; Federal University of Acre (Ufac), AC; Federal University of Amazon (Ufam), AM; Federal University of Rondônia (Unir), RO; Minas Gerais State University (UEMG), MG; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), France; Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Science (IAG), USP; Institute of Geosciences (IG), USP; Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL), USA; National Institute of Amazonian Research (Inpa), AM; University of British Columbia (UBC), Canada; University of Washington (UW), USA. SCIENCE QUESTIONS AND OBJECTIVES We hypothesize that: H1. Hydrology is the main driver of the biogeochemistry of carbon (and other nutrients) in rivers of the Amazon and Pantanal. Hence, different amounts of rain (and runoff ) will set new functional levels in these systems; H2. There are common set of drivers controlling carbon (and nutrients) biogeochemistry in tropical rivers of the Amazon and Pantanal. Our current inability to model adequately these systems across all scales results from the lack of intercomparable long-time records, instead of the inadequacy of the models; H3. Rivers are active players in the overall carbon balance of these basins. Climatic changes affecting these systems will also change their role in feedbacks with the atmosphere and the regional carbon cycle. The outcome of this project will be fundamental to the development of the Brazilian climatic model, helping to create a unique design in which not only biosphere but also fluvial feedbacks are considered in the regional carbon cycle. Our main objective is to produce enough scientific information about the functioning of these fluvial systems to be able to develop basin-scale heuristic models linked to regional carbon cycle and allowing to predict their responses to global climate change. The specific goals are: Goal 1. Obtain detailed information on carbon and associated nutrients distribution and processing along the different spatial and temporal scales necessary to define common sets of drivers in the functioning of rivers under pristine and impacted environmental conditions. Figure 1. The Beija-Rio Network sampling sites Goal 2. Reduce the uncertainties in CO2 evasive fluxes (hence on the role of rivers in the regional C cycle) by increasing the frequency of direct flux measurements with stationary chambers and through specific campaigns using all applicable methods (chambers, gradients, eddy covariance etc.) at endmember conditions (streams vs. large rivers, windy vs. calm conditions, high vs. low pCO2 rivers, day vs. night fluxes etc.) to define the respective associated errors. Goal 3. Adjust and validate hydrobiogeochemical models across different space an time scales, in order to test the responses of river systems to changes in their different biogeochemical drivers caused by global climatic changes. www.fapesp.br/mcg CURRENT RESULTS AND PERSPECTIVES related publications Our recent results on the controls of the biogeochemistry (and ultimately the fate) of carbon in fluvial systems show that, regardless of any scale or basin characteristic, the distribution of biogenic species show the same seasonal patterns, tightly connected to the hydrograph (Figure 2, Richey et al., 2010). A small scale basins, with pronounced dry season, instream processes parallel those in adjacent terrestrial systems (Neu et al., in press). This is extremely important to develop adequate models to describe C cycle in these systems: a common seasonal pattern tied to the hydrograph might simplify significantly the up-scaling. Looking at altered systems as proxies for expected future responses can be an important source of information. Both land cover changes and recent extreme climate events have offered us opportunities to look at some of these responses. For example, our analysis of the 2004 - 2007 data from the Madeira river showed that, although a severe drought that occurred in southern Amazon in 2005 affected total annual discharge both in 2005 and 2006, it was only when a 25% reduction was reached in 2005 that changes in distribution of sediments and dissolved inorganic carbon were significant (Figure 2, Leite et al., in press). Therefore, acquiring long-term data as we propose in this project will allow us to establish these types of thresholds essentials to modeling. Germer S, Neill C, Vetter T, Chaves J, Krusche AV, Elsenbeer H. 2009. Implications of long-term land-use change for the hydrology and solute budgets of small catchments in Amazonia. Journal of Hydrology. 364: 349-363. Madeira Silveira JM, Barlow J, Krusche AV, Orwin KH, Balch JK. 2009. Effects of experimental fires on litter decomposition in a seasonally dry Amazonian forest. Journal of Tropical Ecololgy. 25: 657-663. Richey JE, Krusche AV, Johnson M, Cunha HB, Ballester MV. 2009. The role of rivers in the regional carbon balance. Amazonia and Climate Change. In: Keller M, Bustamante M, Gash J, Dias P (eds.) LBA Synthesis Volume - Amazonia and Global Change. AGU Press. Krusche AV, Ballester MVR, Leite NK. 2011. Hydrology and biogeochemistry of lowland tropical forests. In: Carlyle-Moses DE, Tanaka T. (Eds.). Forest hydrology and biogeochemistry: synthesis of past research and future directions. Ecological Studies Series, n. 216, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany: In press. Leite NK, Krusche AV, Ballester MVR, Victoria RL, Richey JE, & Gomes BM. In press. Intra and interannual variability in the Madeira river water chemistry and sediment load. Ji-Paraná pCO2 (103) Q (103 m3/s) Solimões Germer S, Neill C, Krusche AV, Elsenbeer H. 2010. Influence of land-use change on near-surface hydrological processes: Undisturbed forest to pasture. Journal of Hydrology. 380: 473-480. pH co-pi’s and associates Discharge (m3, s-1) Discharge (m3, s-1) Figure 2. 2004 - 2007 discharge (Q) and chemistry (DOC, PH, susp. sed. and pCO2) at the Solimões, Madeira and Ji-Paraná rivers Coarse Suspended Sediment (mg.L-1) Dissolved Organic Carbon (µM) Discharge (m3, s-1) Alex Vladimir Krusche, Cena/USP Fine Suspended Sediment (mg.L-1) Total Suspended Sediment (mg.L-1) Discharge (m3, s-1) DOC (mg/l) Maria Victoria Ramos Ballester, Cena/USP Associated Researchers Hillandia Brandão, Inpa, AM Maria Emilia da Cruz Sales, MPEG, PA Ivan Bergier Tavares de Lima, Embrapa Pantanal Cleber Ibraim Salimon, Federal University of Acre Alan Cavalcanti da Cunha, Federal University of Amapá Jeffrey Edward Richey, University of Washington (EUA) Christopher Neill, Marine Biology Laboratory (EUA)